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Thomas et al. J Transl Genet Genom 2024;8:249-77 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2024.15 Page 267

to identify key regulatory factors influencing cancer progression, survival, and resistance to
immunotherapy, ultimately uncovering potential therapeutic targets. For instance, by integrating
phenotypic and functional variations of the TME with molecular characteristics of cancer, an integrative
model can be developed to delineate dynamic immunomodulation concurrent with tumor progression at
the systems level. This approach will facilitate the discovery of new biomarkers that can be used for
predicting immunotherapy response, aid in patient stratification, and inform on effective drug
combinations to overcome drug resistance. However, a drawback of systems biology is its reliance on large
sets of high-quality patient data collected over various time scales and concepts, which necessitates
advanced downstream analyses and computations. Therefore, developing cost-effective and accessible
technologies with user-friendly algorithms to integrate data from different omics platforms can
revolutionize personalized cancer pathobiology modeling. These integrative, hypothesis-driven, and
predictive models can advance our understanding of disease mechanisms and improve personalized
treatment strategies [279,280] .

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualized and designed the structural framework of the manuscript, performed comprehensive
literature review, drafted the original manuscript, critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for
intellectual content, approved the final version of the manuscript: Thomas R
Contributed to the conceptualization of the study; performed comprehensive literature review, and
collaborated on writing of the manuscript: Jerome M, Krieger K
Contributed to the final revisions of the manuscript, critically reviewed the manuscript for intellectual
content and accuracy of the information reported particularly in Tables 1 and 2: Jerome M, Krieger K,
Ashraf N
Contributed significantly to the conceptualization of the manuscript, critically reviewed the content and
provided crucial feedback on the manuscript, contributed to the comprehensive revisions of the initial and
final draft of the manuscript, approved the final version of the manuscript: Rowley D

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This study was supported by National Cancer Institute of Health (NCI) (grant No: R01 CA221946,
P30 CA125123), Early Investigator Research Award from the Department of Defense Prostate Cancer
Research Program (W81WXH-21-1-0154), National Institutes of Health (K99MD018671), and CPRIT
RP210027-Baylor College of Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Training Program.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.