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Table 3. Additional immunotherapy antigen targets not restricted to T-cell engager therapy
Antigen target Therapy mechanism of action Drug or vaccine
PSA Recombinant vector vaccine ProstVac-VF program [154]
[155]
AR LBD DNA vaccine pTVG-AR, MVI-118
[156]
Trop2 ADC Sacituzumab govitecan
225 [157]
CD46 ADC radio-immunotherapy [ Ac]DOTA-YS5
ADC: Antibody-drug conjugate; AR LBD: androgen receptor ligand-binding domain; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; Trop2: trophoblast cell surface
antigen-2.

have been designed and are under investigation, with preliminary data suggesting improved safety profiles
and increased efficacy. Furthermore, a multitargeted approach aimed at several TAAs may be the key to
enhancing immunogenicity and obtaining durable responses and also represents a promising synergistic
strategy to alter the “cold” immune milieu of prostate cancer. There is optimism that ongoing and future
studies directing immunotherapy towards novel TAAs will dramatically alter the treatment landscape and
revolutionize the treatment of prostate cancer.

DECLARATIONS
Author’s contribution
Conception and design: Bhasin A, Zarrabi KK
Manuscript writing: Bhasin A, Mille PJ, Eturi A, Iskander A, Tester W, Zarrabi KK

Availability of data and material
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.

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