Page 151 - Read Online
P. 151

McKenna et al                                                                                                                                                                                     Hypoxia in prostate cancer

           regarded as a valid target for drug development and a   (New compounds  and uses  thereof  [CA2881324A1])
           series HAPs have been developed over a period of 30-  and non-executive director of Biostatus Ltd which is the
           40 years with eight HAPs reaching clinical evaluation.   current assignee. Rachel Errington is a shareholder of
           Currently, no HAP has reached the market and this   Oncotherics Ltd.
           is somewhat perplexing given the overwhelming
           evidence  of  solid  tumors  containing  significant   Patient consent
           levels of acute and chronic hypoxia. If patients   Not applicable.
           were  molecularly  stratified  for  treatment  based  on
           their tumor hypoxia signature including analysis of   Ethics approval
           reductase expression, it is possible that the HAPs   Not applicable.
           in  combination  with  chemotherapy  or  radiotherapy
           would have resulted in improved treatment outcomes.   Copyright
           Prostate tumors are considerably hypoxic as discussed   © The Author(s) 2018.
           in this review, which poses some unique challenges to
           effective treatment of aggressive forms of this disease   REFERENCES
           with standard therapies such as docetaxel and/or
           radiotherapy. Clinical trials carried out with AQ4N have   1.   Moeller BJ, Richardson RA, Dewhirst MW. Hypoxia and
           been promising, demonstrating safe administration of   radiotherapy: opportunities for improved outcomes in cancer
           a uHAP that rapidly distributes throughout the body   treatment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007;26:241-8.
           and penetrates into hypoxic regions where it is bio-  2.   Rohwer N, Cramer T. Hypoxia-mediated drug resistance: novel
           reduced to a persistent DNA-affinic topo II-targeting   insights on the functional interaction of HIFs and cell death
           metabolite. The deuterated AQ4N analogue OCT1002      pathways. Drug Resist Updat 2011;14:191-201.
           offers great potential in the treatment of prostate   3.   McKeown SR. Defining normoxia, physoxia and hypoxia in tumours-
           cancer, for example in the combination with ADT.   4.   implications for treatment response. Br J Radiol 2014;87:20130676.
                                                                 Balamurugan K. HIF-1 at the crossroads of hypoxia, inflammation,
           In prostate cancer, uHAPs could also be used in       and cancer. Int J Cancer 2016;138:1058-66.
           combination with PARP1 inhibitors in patients whose   5.   Bruick RK, McKnight SL. A conserved family of prolyl-4-
           tumors harbour DDR deficiencies. Much progress is     hydroxylases that modify HIF. Science 2001;294:1337-40.
           being made on how best to utilise PARP1 inhibitors   6.   Tarrado-Castellarnau M, de Atauri P, Cascante M. Oncogenic
           but prior analysis of tumor heterogeneity and target   regulation of tumor metabolic reprogramming.  Oncotarget
           expression is vital for clinical success. For example,   2016;7:62726-53.
           a recent phase 2 trial that concerned patients with   7.   Luo F, Shi J, Shi Q, Xu X, Xia Y, He X. Mitogen-activated protein
           metastatic  prostate  cancer  benefitted  from  whole-  kinases and hypoxic/ischemic nephropathy. Cell Physiol Biochem
           exome sequencing and transcriptome analysis on        2016;39:1051-67.
           DNA from fresh-frozen tumor-biopsy samples prior to   8.   D’Ignazio L, Bandarra D, Rocha S. NF-kappaB and HIF crosstalk in
                                                                 immune responses. FEBS J 2016;283:413-24.
           treatment. In this study, understanding of DNA defects   9.   Muz B, de la Puente P, Azab F, Azab AK. The role of hypoxia in
           enabled clinicians to select patients suitable for the   cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to
           PARP  inhibitor  olaparib  to  ensure  better  treatment   therapy. Hypoxia (Auckl) 2015;3:83-92.
           outcome [87] . Finally, the emergence of genetic and   10.  Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Hypoxic control of metastasis. Science
           hypoxic signatures and the ability to image and       2016;352:175-80.
           analyse the heterogeneity of prostate tumors provides   11.  Vaupel P, Hockel M, Mayer A. Detection and characterization
           new opportunities for employing HAPs and uHAPs in     of tumor hypoxia using pO2 histography. Antioxid Redox Signal
           combination with molecularly-targeted agents and/or   2007;9:1221-35.
           radiotherapy.                                      12.  Rudolfsson SH, Bergh A. Hypoxia drives prostate tumour progression
                                                                 and impairs the effectiveness of therapy, but can also promote cell
                                                                 death and serve as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets
           DECLARATIONS                                          2009;13:219-25.
                                                              13.  Tsai YP, Wu KJ. Hypoxia-regulated target genes implicated in tumor
           Authors’ contributions                                metastasis. J Biomed Sci 2012;19:102.
           The  authors  contributed  equally  to  the  manuscript   14.  Taiakina D, Dal Pra A, Bristow RG. Intratumoral hypoxia as the
           writing and editing.                                  genesis of genetic instability and clinical prognosis in prostate cancer.
                                                                 Adv Exp Med Biol 2014;772:189-204.
           Financial support and sponsorship                  15.  Byrne NM, Nesbitt H, Ming L, McKeown SR, Worthington J,
                                                                 McKenna DJ. Androgen deprivation in LNCaP prostate tumour
           None.                                                 xenografts induces vascular changes and hypoxic stress, resulting
                                                                 in promotion of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Br J Cancer
           Conflicts of interest                                 2016;114:659-68.
           Professor Rachel Errington is a co-inventor of OCT 1002   16.  Li MC, Wang YX, Luo Y, Zhao JH,  Li Q, Zhang  J, Jiang

                           Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment ¦ Volume 4 ¦ March 1, 2018           9
   146   147   148   149   150   151   152   153   154   155   156