Page 429 - Read Online

Klaas et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2023;9:23 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2022.125 Page 3 of 15

Table 1. Current drugs used to treat specific subtypes of breast cancer
Type of Treatment Route of
breast Treatment class Mechanism of action administration Clinical trial PMID
cancer
LUMINAL Abemaciclib CDK4/6 inhibitor Inhibits proteins that signal cell Orally NCT02831530 34226684
proliferation
LUMINAL Alpelisib PI3K Inhibitor Inhibits tumor cell growth by blocking Orally NCT02379247 33802424
PIK3 pathway
TRIPLE- Atezolizumab Immune Binds to PD-L1 allowing T cells to kill Intravenous NCT03125902 34226684
NEGATIVE checkpoint tumor cells infusion
inhibitor
TRIPLE- Eribulin mesylate Microtubule Inhibits growth of microtubules Intravenous NCT00965523 29604436
NEGATIVE inhibitor preventing cancer cell division infusion
HER2+ Trastuzumab Antibody-drug Attaches to HER2 protein and delivers Intravenous NCT04420598 33961795
deruxtecan conjugate fatal chemicals into breast cancer cells infusion
HER2+ Lapatinib + Kinase inhibitor Binds to HER2 receptors to prevent Orally NCT00967031 34226684
capecitabine tyrosine kinase activity
HER2+ Margetuximab Monoclonal Bind HER2 receptors to prevent tumor Intravenous NCT02492711 33480963
Antibody cell growth infusion
HER2+ Neratinib + Kinase inhibitor Binds to HER receptors preventing cell Orally NCT00741260 34226684
capecitabine proliferation
HER2+ Tucatinib + Tyrosine kinase Binding to HER2 receptors decreasing Orally NCT02614794 33250512
Trastuzumab inhibitor cell proliferation
TRIPLE- Olaparib PARP inhibitor Inhibition of PARP activity prevents cell Orally NCT03286842 34226684
NEGATIVE oversight of DNA damage
LUMINAL Palbociclib + CDK4/6 inhibitor Inhibits cell cycle activity preventing Orally NCT02491983 34226684
Fulvestrant cell growth
HER2+ Pyrotinib + Kinase Inhibitor Binds to HER1, HER2, and HER4 to Orally NCT03691051 34226684
capecitabine prevent cell proliferation
LUMINAL Ribociclib + CDK4/6 inhibitor Inhibits cell cycle proteins to slow Orally NCT03096847 34226684
letrozole progression of cancer
TRIPLE- Sacituzumab Antibody-drug Targets and kills cancer cells Intravenous NCT02574455 32529410
NEGATIVE govitecan conjugate infusion
TRIPLE- Talazoparib PARP inhibitor Inhibition of PARP activity prevents cell Orally NCT02401347 34226684
NEGATIVE oversight of DNA damage
LUMINAL Tamoxifen Selective estrogen Binds to hormone receptors to prevent Orally NCT00002579 33736709
receptor cancer growth
modulator
LUMINAL Toremifene Selective estrogen Binds to hormone receptors to prevent Orally NCT00044291 29978332
receptor cancer growth
modulator
HER2+ Trastuzumab Antibody-drug Inhibition of HER2 receptor through Intravenous NCT01702571 32881421
emtansine conjugate binding infusion
HER2+ Trastuzumab + Monoclonal Inhibits receptor dimerization of HER2- Intravenous NCT02131064 34226684
Pertuzumab antibody dependent cells by binding to its infusion
surface, preventing a response from
the immune system

Newer treatments being studied focus on targeted therapies that interact with the hormone receptors
expressed by the cancer cells. This includes the androgen receptor, which is typically neglected when
[3]
considering treatment strategies . It is frequently expressed in luminal type cancers and could make a
valuable target when the cancer is resistant to therapies that target other receptors. Other new therapy
options include inhibitors and trastuzumab-conjugated nanoparticles [Table 2], which could simultaneously
deliver docetaxel and siRNA against HER2 to treat HER2-positive cancer . Studies on triple-negative breast
[6]
cancer are developing an acid-based small molecule nitrogen compound that is transported to the cell via
[7]
large amino acid transporter type 1 (LAT1) . These new therapeutic strategies may circumvent the
drawbacks of current treatments and provide an even better prognosis for patients in the future.