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Page 4 of 13                          Matsuoka et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2018;4:6  I  http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2017.85

               Table 1. List of published studies regarding the genetic diagnosis of peritoneal lavage cytology in gastric cancer
                Study      Year         Marker   Detection        Number of                          Main results
                                                   method           patients
                Nakanishi et al. [24]  1997  CEA  RT-PCR            48     RT-PCR is more sensitive for detection of free
                                                                           carcinoma cells in the peritoneal cavity than
                                                                           conventional cytology
                Fujimura et al. [53]  1998  Trypsinogen  RT-PCR     30     Trypsinogen-1 mRNA was positive for the patient,
                                                                           who did not show macroscopic or cytological
                                                                           peritoneal dissemination
                Yonemura et al. [25]  2001  MMP-7  RT-PCR           152    Improved the sensitivity for peritoneal dissemination
                                                                           in combination with cytology
                Kodera et al. [34]  2002  CEA    RT-PCR             90     PCR positive was a significant independent
                                                                           prognostic factor, but CY positive was not
                Sugita et al. [39]  2003  CEA, CK20  RT-PCR         129    In cases with negative cytology, patients with PCR-
                                                                           positive findings in PLF had a poorer outcome than
                                                                           those with negative PCR
                Mori et al. [66]  2004  Multiple marker  Microarray  179   Correlation with disease-free survival and
                                                                           immunocytochemical cytology
                Wang et al. [15]  2005  CEA      RT-PCR             40     The technique of RT-PCR was more sensitive than
                                                                           conventional PLC in the detection of peritoneal
                                                                           free cancercells and the prediction of peritoneal
                                                                           recurrence
                Kodera et al. [38]    2005  CK20  RT-PCR            195    Not sufficiently sensitive compared with CEA
                Ohashi et al. [35]  2007  CEA    TRC method         112    TRC has a diagnostic power almost equivalent to
                                                                           qRT-PCR but with the advantage of ultra-rapid
                                                                           detection
                Da et al. [57]  2007  Telomerase activity  TRAP assay  60  Correlation with high proliferating activity of gastric
                                                                           cancer
                Hiraki et al. [45]  2011  Aberrant gene   Metylation-specific PCR  107  Methylation analysis along with a cytological
                                    methylation                            examination might therefore improve the positive
                                                                           detection of cancer cells in PF of gastric cancer
                Horikawa et al. [62]  2011  CD44, CD45,   RT-PCR    147    CD44 mRNA of magnetically separated
                                    EpCAM                                  CD45EpCAM+ cell fraction of PLC is useful for
                                                                           predicting high-risk individuals among gastric cancer
                                                                           patients with stage II and III
                Takata et al. [41]  2014  CEA, CK20  RT-PCR         104    CEA and CK20 PCR results could predict peritoneal
                                                                           recurrence after curative surgery
                Li et al. [51]  2014  CEA, MMP-7  RT-PCR            116    CEA and MMP-7 transcripts in PLF could effectively
                                                                           predict peritoneal recurrence
                Jeon et al. [43]  2014  CEA, MAGE  RT-PCR           117    MAGE expression was determined to be the most
                                                                           important prognostic factor for recurrence
                Tokuhisa et al. [47]  2015  Exosomal miRNAs  Agilent Human miRNA   24  miRNA expression profiles can indicate the status of
                                                 microarrays and qRT-PCR   peritoneum in GC patients
                Miwa et al. [49]  2017  FBXO50   The ABI StepOnePlus   200  FBXO50 expression related with recurrence after
                                                 Real-Time PCR System      curative gastrectomy and shorter overall survival
                                                 and TaqMan Copy Number
                                                 Assay

               CEA: carcino-embryonic antigen; CK20: cytokeratin 20; TRAP assay: telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay; RT-PCR: reverse
               transcription polymerase chain reaction; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; TRC: transcription
               reverse-transcription concerted

               presented to be useful for predicting peritoneal metastasis in patients after curative resection for gastric tumor.
               The sensitivities of combined CEA and/or CK20 mRNA levels were 86.4% and 81.5%, respectively, clearly
               increased compared with that of each marker alone. In the patients with a curative resection, the survival
               rate of the PCR-positive was significantly lower than that of PCR-negative in the gastric cancer patients with
               a curative surgery. Additionally, the level of CEA or CK20 mRNA was an independent prognostic factor for
               overall survival rate . Another prospective study also found that CEA and CK20 RT-PCR results could
                                [40]
               predict peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery .
                                                          [41]

               Melanoma associated gene
               Melanoma associated gene (MAGE) has been said to be a cancer-specific marker responsible for the
                                                     [42]
               suppression of apoptosis and carcinogenesis . RT-PCR of gastric cancer shows that the MAGE genes are
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