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Shephard et al. Role of exosomes in prostate cancer

isolation of exosomes from biofluids, such as urine a position statement from the International Society for Extracellular
and plasma [129] , already exist and early testing of Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2014;3:26913.
exosomes as potential biomarkers of prostate cancer 7. Kowal J, Arras G, Colombo M, Jouve M, Morath JP, Primdal-
Bengtson B, Dingli F, Loew D, Tkach M, Théry C. Proteomic
appear promising [130] . Further studies are however comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous
required to validate the clinical utility of such assays populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
and to fully understand the relationship between EV, A 2016;113:E968-77.
biomarkers, and disease outcome. 8. Webber J, Clayton A. How pure are your vesicles? J Extracell Vesicles
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DECLARATIONS 9. Webber J, Yeung V, Clayton A. Extracellular vesicles as modulators of
the cancer microenvironment. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015;40:27-34.
Authors’ contributions 10. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases.
Nature 2000;407:249-57.
Conceived the study: A. Clayton, J.P. Webber 11. McDonald DM, Baluk P. Significance of blood vessel leakiness in
Performed literature searches and prepared the cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:5381-5.
manuscript: A.P. Shephard, V. Yeung, A. Clayton, J.P. 12. Nagy JA, Chang SH, Shih SC, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF. Heterogeneity
Webber of the tumor vasculature. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010;36:321-31.
Revised the manuscript: J.P. Webber 13. Adams RH, Alitalo K. Molecular regulation of angiogenesis and
lymphangiogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007;8:464-78.
Financial support and sponsorship 14. Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor. Trends Cardiovasc
Med 1993;3:244-50.
The authors are supported by funding from Prostate 15. Boccaccio C, Andò M, Tamagnone L, Bardelli A, Michieli P, Battistini
Cancer UK (awarded to JPW and AS), Cancer Research C, Comoglio PM. Induction of epithelial tubules by growth factor
Wales (awarded to JPW and AC), Life Science HGF depends on the STAT pathway. Nature 1998;391:285-8.
Research Network Wales (an initiative funded through 16. Dunn IF, Heese O, Black PM. Growth factors in glioma angiogenesis:
the Welsh Government’s Ser Cymru programme; FGFs, PDGF, EGF, and TGFs. J Neurooncol 2000;50:121-37.
awarded to AC, JPW, and VY), Tenovus Cancer Care 17. Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley MS, Wildiers H, Van Oosterom AT,
(awarded to AC), Cardiff University (awarded to AC) De Bruijn EA. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis.
Pharmacol Rev 2004;56:549-80.
and Welsh Crucible (awarded to JPW). 18. Chang YM, Kung HJ, Evans CP. Nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in
prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2007;9:90-100.
Conflicts of interest 19. Tatarov O, Mitchell TJ, Seywright M, Leung HY, Brunton VG,
There are no conflicts of interest. Edwards J. SRC family kinase activity is up-regulated in hormone-
refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:3540-9.
Patient consent 20. Min HY, Yun HJ, Lee JS, Lee HJ, Cho J, Jang HJ, Park SH, Liu D,
Not applicable. Oh SH, Lee JJ, Wistuba II, Lee HY. Targeting the insulin-like growth
factor receptor and Src signaling network for the treatment of non-
small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2015;14:113.
Ethics approval 21. DeRita RM, Zerlanko B, Singh A, Lu H, Iozzo RV, Benovic JL,
Not applicable. Languino LR. c-Src, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, G-protein-
coupled receptor kinases and focal adhesion kinase are enriched into
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