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as an auxiliary tool to incorporate scientific domain knowledge. In addition, causal graphs can exchange the
causal statements that are under plausible assumptions but lack grounding in established scientific knowledge
for inferring plausible conclusions. To conclude, causality-based fairness-enhancing approaches are promising
solutions to reduce discrimination despite having challenges to overcome.
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Project administration: Yu G, Yan Z
Writing-original draft: Su C, Yu G, Wang J
Writing-review and editing: Yu G, Yan Z, Cui L
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Financial support and sponsorship
None.
Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022.
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