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Figure 2. Beneficial effects of coffee on the liver
of focal adhesion kinase, inhibition of α-smooth muscle actin (α-sma), and up-regulation of the PPAR-α
receptor (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) with action on fat deposits, as shown in
[32]
Figure 2 [30,31] . Quan et al. showed that caffeine is able to reduce the gene expression of the transcription
factors Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and 2 (SREBP1c and SREBP2) in HepG2 cells which
are involved in the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver. This down-regulation represents
a particularly promising finding as it can facilitate the reduction ofhepatic lipid accumulation typically
associated with NAFLD. In addition, caffeine also causes the reduction of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl CoA
reductase and low density lipoprotein receptor in a dose dependent manner.
[33]
Furthermore, Helal et al. conducted a study in animal models in order to demonstrate that the use
of caffeine can improve liver damage induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The rats were divided into
