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natural healing power. Also, it has been shown to prevent bisdemethoxycurcumin. [123] Turmeric has also been widely
cancer development and inhibit carcinogenesis in several used in medicine for cardioprotective, hepatoprotective,
organs. [95,96] Recent studies suggested the efficacy of ginseng carcinoprotective, and neuroprotective in addition it acts
extract to induce apoptosis so it has antitumor activity. [97-99] as anti-oxidant, antiseptic, analgesic, antimalarial and
anti-inflammatory. [124] Curcumin rich in curcuminoids are
Dandelion known to inhibit oxidation owing to their methoxy group,
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has been used in 1, 3 B-diketone moiety and phenolic hydroxyl group so it
traditional medicine in the treatment of inflammation and can decrease the free radicals generation, which it was an
several diseases including cancer. [100] It has anti-rheumatic important step in tumor formation. [125] Curcumin was found
and anti-inflamatory. [101-104] Moreover it has antioxidant to inhibit NF-κB, which activates inflammatory cytokines and
properties as well as hepatoprotective activity and chemokines, leading to several inflammatory conditions. [126]
success in promotion of liver detoxification and support NF-κB activation promotes cellular proliferation,
kidney function. All of these beneficial effects may be angiogenesis, and invasion and inhibits apoptosis. [127] In
attributed to their several flavonoids including caffeic acid; addition, curcumin also inhibits IL1, IL1B, IL6, IL8, tumor
chlorogenic acid; luteolin; and luteolin-7-glucoside. [105] necrosis alpha, and cyclooxygenase pathways. [128] Several
Additionally it is a rich source of vitamins A, B complex, studies have supported curcumin’s antioxidant and anti-
C, and D, as well as minerals such as iron, potassium, and inflammatory, particularly in HCC in addition to its ability to
zinc. [106-109] Dandelion extract showed a protective effect control the cellular signal transduction pathways pertinent to
against membrane fragility consequently, and minimizing growth, differentiation, and malignant transformation. [129,130]
the leakage of liver enzymes into the blood circulation
and suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor Thyme
(TNF)-α by inhibiting interleukin-1production. [107,110] Also it Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is widely used in folk medicine for
has been shown to have stronger free radicals scavenging the treatment of a variety of diseases including gastroenteric
activity due to its high polyphenol content. [101] and bronchopulmonary disorders specially in almost
everywhere in the world. It is effective as anthelmintic,
Garlic antispasmodic, carminative, sedative, diaphoretic,
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been widely used as a food antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal agents because
stuff and a traditional medicine throughout the world. its contents of essential oils and anti-oxidative phenolic
Garlic is available in different forms such as powder compounds [geraniol (G), α-terpineol (A), thuyanol-4 (U),
or garlic oil. Garlic has a beneficial value such as anti- linalool (L), carvacrol (C), and thymol (T)]. [131,132] The volatile
atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anticancer, oils of thyme has been shown to exhibit anti-microbial,
immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and radioprotector anti-mutagenic, anti-platelet, analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
effects. [111] These beneficial effects may be attributed anti-angiogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-elastase, insecticidal,
to its components including organo-sulfur compounds anti-parasitic, cell-protective, and anti-tumor activity. [133,134]
such as diallyl sulfide; diallyl disulfide; diallyl trisulfide; Recently, the various studies showed that the beneficial
S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine. [112] Several effects of thyme was based on the activation of the
studies evidences have proved that SAC is an anti-tumor apoptosis response, including reduction in mitochondrial
agent against different human cancers such as prostate, [113] membrane capacity and Bcl-2/Bax ratio as well as elevation
breast, [114] oral, [115] neuroblastoma [116] and non-small-cell lung in cytochrome release from mitochondria and caspase
carcinoma. [117] On the other hand, allicin (diallyl thiosulfonate), activity. Furthermore, it increases the cleavage of PARP and
which is the main biologically active component of freshly fragmentation of DNA, which belong to the mitochondrial
crushed garlic cloves, has anti-hepatocarcinogenic effect pathway of the apoptosis pathway. [135]
through the p53 gene modulating apoptosis. [118] Garlic
oils have capable for promotion apoptotic signaling as CONCLUSION
evidenced by the upregulation of Bax and Caspase-3. [119]
Also, garlic oil exhibited potent antioxidant capacity were In conclusion, HCC is the common malignancy of the liver
it reduced the generation of ROS, suggesting that the that considered one of death reasons in the worldwide.
different mechanisms of hepatocarcinoma prevention. [120] Chronic infection of HBV and HCV and subsequent liver
Additionally, the major role of garlic extract rich in SAC injury regeneration cycle are considered a major etiology
against hepatocarcinogenesis as well as organs tumors may of HCC. HCC is well accepting for multi-drug resistance
be due to its effect on inhibition of proliferation, induction and not response to current chemotherapeutic agents.
of apoptosis and suppression of invasion and adhesion. [115,121] Nowadays, no single or combined chemotherapy regimen
has been found yet to be effective in HCC. Traditional
Curcumin medicine, especially the herbal medicine plays a vital role
Curcumin (Curcuma longa) is turmeric spice derived in the management of various liver disorders. In this era of
from the rhizome of the East Indian plant Curcuma science and technology the demand for therapeutic drugs
longa. [122] It is a polyphenol contains a class of compounds from natural products is increasing day by day, due to their
such as curcuminoids, demethoxycurcumin and effective therapeutic action and lack of side effects. Recent
Hepatoma Research | Volume 2 | August 5, 2016 219