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essential. In this incredible era of precision medicine, further studies should lead to an understanding of
ICIs in those on immunosuppressive medications, thus providing a framework for individually optimized
therapy in the treatment of HCC in this population.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization: Anugwom CM, Debes JD
Literature search: Anugwom CM, Leventhal TM, Debes JD
Writing - original draft preparation: Anugwom CM
Writing - review and editing: Anugwom CM, Leventhal TM, Debes JD
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; AFMDP; University of Minnesota AIRP; EU Horizon2020 program,
project number 825510; all to JDD.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022.

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