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Page 10 of 16                                               Bhatia et al. Hepatoma Res 2018;4:9  I  http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2018.04

               GST
               NDEA administration induced a significant increase in plasma GST activity when compared to control and
               LycT (P ≤ 0.001) animals [Table 2]. Animals of LycT + NDEA group also showed a significant increase in GST
               activity in comparison to control (P ≤ 0.01) and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) animals. On the contrary, mice that received
               LycT in addition to NDEA showed a significant decrease in plasma GST activity as compared to NDEA (P ≤
               0.001) alone administered group. No alterations were observed in plasma GST activity of LycT group when
               compared to control group.

               GSH-Px
               NDEA treated mice exhibited a significant increase in plasma GSH-Px activity when compared to control
               and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) mice [Table 2]. Likewise, plasma GSH-Px activity was raised in LycT + NDEA group
               when compared to control and LycT (P ≤ 0.01) group. However, administration of LycT to NDEA group of
               animals induced a significant reduction in the GSH-Px activity when compared to NDEA (P ≤ 0.001) treated
               mice. Plasma GSH-Px activity did not differ significantly between the control and LycT group of animals.


               GR
               NDEA exposure exhibited a significant decline in plasma GR activity in comparison with control and LycT
               (P ≤ 0.001) animals [Table 2]. Similarly, a significant decrease in GR activity was also observed in LycT +
               NDEA group when compared to control (P ≤ 0.001) and LycT (P ≤ 0.01) group. In contrast, there was a
               marked increase in GR activity on LycT supplementation to NDEA afflicted animals when compared to
               NDEA (P ≤ 0.001) alone group. No significant alteration in the plasma activity of GR was observed between
               the control and LycT group.

               CAT
               A significant increase in plasma CAT activity was observed in NDEA and LycT + NDEA group of animals
               when compared to control and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) mice [Table 2]. In contrast, pretreatment of NDEA exposed
               animals with LycT induced a significant decrease in CAT activity when compared to NDEA (P ≤ 0.001)
               animals. Plasma CAT activity remained unaltered in mice treated with LycT as compared to control mice.


               SOD
               The administration of NDEA caused a significant increase in plasma SOD activity in animals of both NDEA and
               LycT + NDEA group when compared to control and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) mice [Table 2]. On the contrary, a significant
               decrease in SOD activity was observed in LycT + NDEA group when compared to NDEA (P ≤ 0.001) afflicted
               group. There was no significant alteration in SOD activity between mice treated with LycT and normal
               control mice.


               Effect of LycT and/or NDEA on histopathological alterations
               Liver sections from control and LycT mice exhibited normal histoarchitecture [Figure 4A and C]. Hexagonal
               hepatic lobules containing central vein in the middle and portal triad at the periphery were visible. Liver
               acinus was divided into three zones: zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3. Liver sections from NDEA group showed the
               presence of high grade dysplasia characterized by architectural and nuclear atypia, differential cytoplasmic
               staining with diminished sinusoidal spaces and fatty accumulation. No stromal invasion was visible in mice
               of NDEA group. Liver sections obtained from animals of LycT + NDEA group exhibited mild hepatocellular
               damage with no vascular invasion [Figure 4B and D; Table 3].



               DISCUSSION
               Increased oxidative stress and altered redox status during carcinogenesis accentuate the need for developing
               efficient strategies in curtailing the cancer development. This may be accomplished via use of LycT as an
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