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Page 10 of 16 Bhatia et al. Hepatoma Res 2018;4:9 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2018.04

GST
NDEA administration induced a significant increase in plasma GST activity when compared to control and
LycT (P ≤ 0.001) animals [Table 2]. Animals of LycT + NDEA group also showed a significant increase in GST
activity in comparison to control (P ≤ 0.01) and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) animals. On the contrary, mice that received
LycT in addition to NDEA showed a significant decrease in plasma GST activity as compared to NDEA (P ≤
0.001) alone administered group. No alterations were observed in plasma GST activity of LycT group when
compared to control group.

GSH-Px
NDEA treated mice exhibited a significant increase in plasma GSH-Px activity when compared to control
and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) mice [Table 2]. Likewise, plasma GSH-Px activity was raised in LycT + NDEA group
when compared to control and LycT (P ≤ 0.01) group. However, administration of LycT to NDEA group of
animals induced a significant reduction in the GSH-Px activity when compared to NDEA (P ≤ 0.001) treated
mice. Plasma GSH-Px activity did not differ significantly between the control and LycT group of animals.

GR
NDEA exposure exhibited a significant decline in plasma GR activity in comparison with control and LycT
(P ≤ 0.001) animals [Table 2]. Similarly, a significant decrease in GR activity was also observed in LycT +
NDEA group when compared to control (P ≤ 0.001) and LycT (P ≤ 0.01) group. In contrast, there was a
marked increase in GR activity on LycT supplementation to NDEA afflicted animals when compared to
NDEA (P ≤ 0.001) alone group. No significant alteration in the plasma activity of GR was observed between
the control and LycT group.

CAT
A significant increase in plasma CAT activity was observed in NDEA and LycT + NDEA group of animals
when compared to control and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) mice [Table 2]. In contrast, pretreatment of NDEA exposed
animals with LycT induced a significant decrease in CAT activity when compared to NDEA (P ≤ 0.001)
animals. Plasma CAT activity remained unaltered in mice treated with LycT as compared to control mice.

SOD
The administration of NDEA caused a significant increase in plasma SOD activity in animals of both NDEA and
LycT + NDEA group when compared to control and LycT (P ≤ 0.001) mice [Table 2]. On the contrary, a significant
decrease in SOD activity was observed in LycT + NDEA group when compared to NDEA (P ≤ 0.001) afflicted
group. There was no significant alteration in SOD activity between mice treated with LycT and normal
control mice.

Effect of LycT and/or NDEA on histopathological alterations
Liver sections from control and LycT mice exhibited normal histoarchitecture [Figure 4A and C]. Hexagonal
hepatic lobules containing central vein in the middle and portal triad at the periphery were visible. Liver
acinus was divided into three zones: zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3. Liver sections from NDEA group showed the
presence of high grade dysplasia characterized by architectural and nuclear atypia, differential cytoplasmic
staining with diminished sinusoidal spaces and fatty accumulation. No stromal invasion was visible in mice
of NDEA group. Liver sections obtained from animals of LycT + NDEA group exhibited mild hepatocellular
damage with no vascular invasion [Figure 4B and D; Table 3].

DISCUSSION
Increased oxidative stress and altered redox status during carcinogenesis accentuate the need for developing
efficient strategies in curtailing the cancer development. This may be accomplished via use of LycT as an