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Page 18 Asao et al. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids 2023;4:461-85 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/evcna.2023.37

Furthermore, the identification of various EVP-associated biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids, has shed light on their diverse functions and potential as therapeutic targets.

We can expect groundbreaking discoveries that will redefine our understanding of EVPs and their roles in
cancer biology for decades to come. The discovery of novel EVP subtypes with unique properties and
functions will revolutionize diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. Researchers may uncover EVPs
capable of transporting not just biomolecules, but also energy or information through unconventional
means, such as quantum communication or other yet-to-be-discovered phenomena. The integration of
cutting-edge technologies, such as nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and artificial intelligence, will play a
pivotal role in shaping the future of EVP research. Nanotechnology will enable the creation of hybrid,
bioengineered EVPs with the ability to self-assemble, replicate, or even harness energy from their
environment. These smart, programmable EVPs will have unparalleled therapeutic potential, precisely
navigating complex biological systems, responding to environmental cues, and adapting to the ever-
changing human body. Synthetic biology will empower researchers to engineer customized EVPs for
tailored therapeutics, paving the way for personalized medicine in cancer treatment. By leveraging the
immunomodulatory properties of EVPs, advances in immunotherapy will lead to more effective cancer
treatments, targeting specific signaling pathways, cellular processes, and even the biophysical properties of
the extracellular matrix. Artificial intelligence and machine learning systems will revolutionize EVP analysis
and manipulation, allowing researchers to predict and optimize their behavior in real time. These systems
will detect subtle patterns and relationships within vast datasets, leading to the identification of novel
biomarkers and therapeutic targets previously invisible to researchers. The interdisciplinary collaboration
between researchers in the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering will further fuel
innovation in the EVP-cancer field. For instance, the development of new materials and surfaces for
efficient EVP isolation and characterization will improve the reproducibility and accuracy of EVP research.
Moreover, advanced imaging techniques, such as super-resolution microscopy and real-time in vivo
imaging, will provide invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying EVP biogenesis, cargo
packaging, and cellular uptake.

In conclusion, the EVP-cancer field has made remarkable strides in our understanding of intercellular
communication and cancer biology. The future of EVP research promises to revolutionize diagnostics,
prognostics, and therapeutics, with the potential to transform cancer treatment and patient outcomes. As
we continue to unravel the complex roles of EVPs in health and disease, we will undoubtedly uncover novel
approaches and applications, reshaping our understanding of the intricate interplay between cells, tissues,
and organs, and, ultimately, our ability to combat cancer and other devastating diseases.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
All the figures in this manuscript were created with BioRender.com

Authors’ contributions
Conceived the idea for the manuscript: Lyden D
Wrote, revised, and edited the manuscript: Asao T, Tobias GC, Lucotti S, Jones DR, Matei I, Lyden D

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.