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Alvarez-Tirado et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300003 Energy Materials
DOI: 10.20517/energymater.2022.59

Article Open Access

Design of highly conductive iongel soft solid

electrolytes for Li-O batteries
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Marta Alvarez-Tirado 1,2,4 , Laurent Castro , Gregorio Guzmán-González , Aurélie Guéguen , Liliana C.
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Tomé , David Mecerreyes 1,3, *
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POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
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Toyota Motor Europe Research & Development 1, Advanced Material Research, Battery & Fuel Cell, Zaventem B-1930, Belgium.
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Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao E-48011, Spain.
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Present address: CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain.
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Present address: Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México City 09340, México.
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Present address: LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA,
Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
* Correspondence to: Dr. David Mecerreyes, POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta
Building, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain. E-mail: david.mecerreyes@ehu.eus
How to cite this article: Alvarez-Tirado M, Castro L, Guzmán-González G, Guéguen A, Tomé LC, Mecerreyes D. Design of highly
conductive iongel soft solid electrolytes for Li-O batteries. Energy Mater 2023;3:300003.
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https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.59
Received: 29 Sep 2022 First Decision: 11 Nov 2022 Revised: 23 Dec 2022 Accepted: 11 Jan 2023 Published: 30 Jan 2023
Academic Editors: Yuping Wu, Elie Paillard Copy Editor: Fangling Lan Production Editor: Fangling Lan

Abstract
Li-O batteries show high energy storage potential, but there remain many material challenges that must be solved
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to fully develop them into a robust technology. The reactivity of the electrolyte against lithium metal as the anode
or with oxygen superoxide radicals in the cathode is the main problem that may be alleviated by the use of ionic
liquids and solid electrolytes. In this work, iongel solid flexible electrolytes with facile preparation are designed
based on five variations of the successful N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium
bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid. These iongels show an outstanding ionic conductivity of
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7.8 × 10 S·cm at 25 °C, excellent performance against lithium metal and reduced dendritic growth, even at a high
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current density rate of 2 mA·cm . Tests on Li-O cells show a 100% capacity retention for 25 cycles with limited
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capacity. Hence, this work provides a plausible pathway to tackle the design of effective lithium protection
methods and efficient solid electrolytes for Li-O batteries.
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Keywords: Polymer electrolytes, iongels, ionic liquids, Li-O batteries, lithium metal batteries, solid-state batteries
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© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
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