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GTP indicators, defined from compatible time horizons. These delay factors can then be applied either in
fully dynamic approaches - using their analytical expressions - or in partially dynamic approaches, including
those relying on EPDs data, through the provided worksheet-based tool. Compared with existing dynamic
factors, the proposed GWP delay factor yields a smaller perceived benefit of delaying emissions because
fewer radiative effects are truncated (-14% versus -26% in the present application). The complementary GTP
delay factor, however, nuances climate conclusions by showing that delayed emissions postpone the
temperature peak (year 54 versus year 7 for an impulse emission in the present application). Nevertheless,
decision making and LCA practice largely rely on single metrics like GWP and GTP that cannot fully capture
all climate processes and temporal dynamics, even when adjusted with delay factors. Improving assessments
therefore requires continuous, physically grounded indicators such as AGWP and AGTP, but their use
inevitably complicates interpretation.
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization and study design, data analysis, writing - review and editing: François, C.; Batôt, G.;
Ventura, A.
Computational and mathematical framework development: François, C.; El-Amrani, F. Z.; Batot, G.;
Ventura, A.
Data collection: El-Amrani, F. Z.; François, C.
Availability of data and materials
Data and calculations are open source and available in a worksheet file on a repository. They can be found,
downloaded, and cited with the following reference: François, C.; Batôt, G.; Ventura, A. (2024) Dynamic
Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Potential (GTP) indicators calculation
workbook, version 1 -https://doi.org/10.57745/LVMVIU.
AI and AI-assisted tools statement
Not applicable
Financial support and sponsorship
The French National Research Agency financed François, C. postdoctoral contract, during which most of
this work was carried out, IFP Energies Nouvelles financed El-Amrani, F. Z. master’s internship and Batot,
G. working time, and the Université Gustave Eiffel financed Ventura, A. working time.
Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2026.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Materials
REFERENCES
1. Sohn, J.; Kalbar, P.; Goldstein, B.; Birkved, M. Defining Temporally Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment: A Review. Integr. Environ.
Assess. Manag. 2020, 16, 314-23. DOI PubMed
