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Figure 2. Results adapted from Google Trends data of searches since 2014 for “Sustainable Development Goals” (blue) and “Digital
Twins” (red).

mandate by the UK Government in 2016 is widely regarded as being the catalyst that pushed the technology
[44]
forward . Studies have illustrated the benefits BIM mandates have had in Poland , and the potential
[43]
benefits to be achieved if BIM is to be mandated in Ireland . One comprehensive study reviewed BIM
[45]
mandates across thirteen different countries including the UK, China, Hong Kong, Australia, USA, and
Denmark found the countries with the most government backed BIM support were the countries that
experienced the greatest benefits from BIM adoption .
[46]
One study found that DT adoption can be improved by changing the mindset of those professionals in the
industry who view themselves as “bystanders” in technology adoption to having the self-perception of an
“enabler” . However, the study also finds that there is limited broader support in changing individual
[47]
actors from that of DT “bystander” to “enabler” from policy makers . Other studies have also reached
[47]
similar conclusions, with one study finding that a lack of clarity around Government guidance and a dearth
of legislation can explain why the construction industry finds it difficult to overcome barriers in technology
[48]
use even where clear sustainable benefits exist . It has been argued that the power to enact
transformational digital change throughout the construction industry rests with policy makers .
[49]
DTs have been described as on the cusp of construction industry transformation yet the ability to scale
[1]
DTs and facilitate their growth is hindered by many barriers. One of the largest and most under explored of
these barriers, is the policies in place that support DT growth and usage.

THE POLICY LANDSCAPE
Policy refers to the formal initiatives, advice, legislation, and guidance offered by public bodies, notably
Governments, in order to aid and govern behaviours. Construction industry focused policy has long been
researched and often blamed for a plethora of failed initiatives and unfulfilled productivity promises.
Indeed, many research papers on seemingly disparate innovations applied to differing areas of the industry
all converge in the need for policy to overcome the barriers discussed. Notwithstanding the calls for policy
as a silver bullet to solve the ails of the construction industry, there are studies that identify how policy
[50]
implementation can lead to significant construction industry improvement .

Through an in depth analysis of policy instruments one study found that Government policy can drive
market demand, yet there exists a paucity of technology focused policy surrounding tax and financial
incentives . Another study specifically considers the role of science, technology, and innovation with
[51]
regards to the SDGs and finds that the policy environment needs to evolve to consider these previously
siloed areas if future policy is to be meaningful . It has also been discussed how governance barriers
[52]
through a lack of current policy are fundamental in preventing DTs from helping to achieve SDG 11
(Sustainable Cities and Communities) .
[53]