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Page 172 Kumar et al. Cancer Drug Resist 2019;2:161-77 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cdr.2018.27

CONCLUSION
Increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer drug resistance suggests that an integrated
approach to cancer therapy is needed for targeting multiple signaling pathways. Recent use of molecularly
targeted agents to target multiple signaling pathways remains an important approach in cancer treatment,
however, use of these targeted therapies is not without limitations. Further research is needed to identify
approaches to repurpose drugs to optimize therapy for particular cancer types.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Substantial contributions to conception and writing of the manuscript: Kumar S, Gupta S
Developing figures and tables: Kumar S, Kushwaha PP

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
Efforts are supported by the Department of Defense Grants (W81XWH-18-1-0618, W81XWH-15-1-0558);
VA Merit Review (1I01BX002494) to Gupta S. Kushwaha PP acknowledges financial support from University
Grants Commission, India in the form of CSIR-UGC Senior Research fellowship. Kumar S acknowledges
Department of Science and Technology, India, and University Grants Commission, India for providing
financial support in the form of DST-SERB Grant [EEQ/2016/000350] and UGC-BSR Research Start-Up-
Grant [No. F.30–372/2017 (BSR)] respectively.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019.

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