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Li et al. Ageing Neur Dis 2022;2:13 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/and.2022.13 Page 9 of 13

Table 1. Examples of neurodegenerative disease pigs described in this article
Pig models Genes Editing type References
ALS pig SOD1 TG [38]
ALS pig SOD1 TG [9]
ALS pig TDP-43 TG [39]
HD transgenic pig HTT TG [47]
HD transgenic pig N-mHTT(105Q) TG [48]
HD transgenic pig HTT(1-548) TG [49]
HD KI pig HTT KI [50]
AD transgenic pig APPsw PM [57]
AD transgenic pig PSEN1(M146I) TG [58]
AD transgenic pig PSEN1, APP PM [59]
AD transgenic pig hAPP, hTau, hPS1 PM [60]
PD pig PARK7 KO [68]
PD pig PARK2, PINK1 M-KO [69]
PD pig Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1 M-KO [70]

The table lists genes that have been changed using TG, KO, M-KO, PM, or KI. TG: Transgenic; KO: knockout; M-KO: multiplex knockout; KI:
knock-in; PM: point mutation (by HDR); ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; HD: Huntington’s disease; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; PD: Parkinson’s
disease.

The pig models can also be used for preclinical evaluation of stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and drug
screening because their body size and metabolism are closer to humans than other species. Their relatively
fast breeding and reproduction would provide a sufficient number of animals for evaluation of the
therapeutic effects of drugs and other means. Considering the advanced gene editing tools available, we
believe that genetically modified pig models will play a more important role in the studies of age-dependent
neurological diseases in the future.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Xiao-Jiang Li for carefully editing the manuscript.

Authors’ contributions
Wrote the review paper: Li C, Li J
Revised manuscript: Li S, Yan S
Conceived and designed experiments: Yan S, Lai L
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China
(2021YFA0805300), The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81922026, 82171244), and
Guangzhou Key Research Program on Brain Science (202007030008, 202007030003).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.