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Figure 1. Data integration in AI-driven spine surgery. This figure illustrates the flow of multiple data collection points into advanced AI
systems. The integrated AI processes these diverse inputs to generate valuable clinical outputs that inform patient care. Figure created
with BioRender.com. AI: Artificial intelligence.

Furthermore, maintaining trust in AI technology requires transparency and accountability. Skepticism of AI
is often centered around the “black box” nature of its operations, where users cannot see how decisions are
made. The decision-making process of AI systems should be clear and understandable to clinicians and
patients alike. By familiarizing themselves with how these technologies function, they can better grasp the
decision-making processes of AI systems. For example, machine learning allows computers to learn from
data and improve over time, while deep learning, a subset of machine learning, mimics how the human
brain processes information using layers of algorithms to analyze complex data.

A critical issue in the development of AI algorithms is addressing and mitigating biases that could lead to
disparities in care. AI models should be trained on diverse and representative datasets to ensure they are
applicable to a wide range of clinical and patient populations. To detect and address potential biases, it is
essential to implement robust validation techniques, including bias audits and continuous monitoring
during deployment. Engaging diverse stakeholders in the design and review processes can further help
identify and rectify biases, ensuring fairness and equity in AI-driven treatments.

CONCLUSION
AI’s potential is vast and multifaceted, ranging from enhancing diagnostic accuracy to optimizing
postoperative care. Its applications can lead to significant cost reductions, improved therapeutic outcomes,
and enhanced quality of patient care. However, realizing this potential requires addressing challenges in
data quality, standardization, and ethical implementation. By advancing and actively engaging in the
ongoing discourse surrounding AI technologies, we can ensure that AI serves as a transformative force in
spine surgery, ushering in a new era of personalized, precise, and proactive spine care.