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Page 109 Jiao et al. Art Int Surg 2023;3:98-110 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2023.03

future, specifically, more autonomous actions. An emerging question is whether handheld robotic devices
[25]
will enable a safer and more rapid adoption of surgical autonomy .
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and
interpretation: Jiao LR
Performed data acquisition, as well as provided administrative, technical, and material support: Vellaisamy
R, Gall T

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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