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Liu et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023009 Microstructures
DOI: 10.20517/microstructures.2022.29

Research Article Open Access

Energy storage properties of NaNbO -based lead-
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free superparaelectrics with large antiferrodistortion

Guanfu Liu, Liang Chen, He Qi
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Science
and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.

Correspondence to: Prof./Dr. He Qi, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Department of
Physical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
E-mail: qiheustb@ustb.edu.cn
How to cite this article: Liu G, Chen L, Qi H. Energy storage properties of NaNbO -based lead-free superparaelectrics with large
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antiferrodistortion. Microstructures 2023;3:2023009. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.29

Received: 25 Sep 2022 First Decision: 7 Nov 2022 Revised: 28 Nov 2022 Accepted: 26 Dec 2022 Published: 12 Jan 2023
Academic Editors: Zhihua Sun, Ruzhong Zuo Copy Editor: Fangling Lan Production Editor: Fangling Lan

Abstract
NaNbO -based lead-free energy storage ceramics are essential candidates for next-generation pulsed power
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capacitors, especially under the background of energy saving and environmental protection. However, the room-
temperature antiferroelectric P phase of pure NaNbO ceramics limits its further development in energy storage
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owing to the irreversible antiferroelectric to ferroelectric phase transition under electric fields. In this work, CaZrO 3
was introduced to NaNbO ceramics to destroy the long-range polarization ordering but keep large
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antiferrodistortion, causing the formation of superparaelectric state with macrodomains, which can be identified by
the refinement results of high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and TEM results. Combined
with the fine grains, dense and homogeneous microstructure, ergodic relaxation behaviors, and delayed
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polarization saturation, a high recoverable energy storage density of ~5.4 J/cm and efficiency of ~82% can be
realized in 0.85NaNbO -0.15CaZrO ceramics at an ultrahigh breakdown electric field of ~68 kV/mm. The results
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found in this work suggest that the supersparaelectric with non-cubic phase would be a good candidate for
generating excellent dielectric energy storage properties.
Keywords: NaNbO , energy storage, relaxor ferroelectric, oxygen octahedral distortion
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INTRODUCTION
Energy plays an irreplaceable role in the development of human society, and how to efficiently store energy

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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