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Valiev. Microstructures 2023;3:2023004 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.25 Page 7 of 9

Figure 5. Engineering stress-strain curves of Ti Grade 4 after various treatments.

Figure 6. Expansion of a dislocation loop in the presence of segregations. The blue and red ovals denote the segregations that hinder
and promote loop expansion, respectively. (A and B) Dislocation loop ends, A and B, which nucleate and expand under the action of the
applied load, are pinned by segregations. (A) Projection on dislocation glide plane illustrating segregation-induced pinning.
(B) Projection on grain boundary plane illustrating the fact that a segregation can either promote or hinder dislocation loop expansion,
depending on the sign of the x2-coordinate of its center. (C) Dislocation loop expansion realized via its bow-out, thereby increasing the
applied load if segregation-induced pinning is strong. (D) If pinning is weak, loop expansion is realized via the unpinning and lateral
motion of points A and B. Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2019, Elsevier [26] .

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
Author acknowledges the support in part from Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 22-19-00445) and in
part by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation (Agreement No. 075-15-2022-
1114 as of 06/30/2022. The Author also appreciates the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the
Russian Federation, the contract 075-15-2021-709, unique identifier of the project RF-2296.61321X0037, for