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Archakova et al. Vessel Plus 2018;2:34 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2018.52 Page 7 of 10

calcification of the arteries, the presence of which is a reliable marker of future cardiovascular events due to
a combination of pathogenetic mechanisms in CKD and DM. There was also a high prevalence of CAC in
[60]
patients with diabetes with CKD at stages 2-5 .

It was shown that patients with diabetes before dialysis have a greater risk of developing VC. CAC was
calculated by CT. The prevalence of CAC and calcification of peripheral arteries were significantly higher
in patients with diabetes and CKD at the pre-dialysis stage compared with the group of CKD stages 4-5
[61]
without diabetes .
According to CT, the aortic calcification index was also significantly higher in patients with diabetes on
[62]
hemodialysis than without diabetes .

[63]
Qu et al. studied the importance of coronary Ca according to CT in the development of cardiovascular
morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes for 6 years. They found that in patients with diabetes
and coronary calcification, a fourfold increase in mortality was noted. It was concluded that the risk of
developing cardiovascular pathology increases with the presence of diabetes, age and VC.

CONCLUSION
Thus, the analysis of literature data indicates a high occurrence of diabetes, especially in the terminal
stage of CKD patients on LTH. At the same time, the influence of both m-LDL and atherosclerosis to LDL
(traditional risk factors in the development of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients), as well
as FGF-23 and the Kloth protein, and P-Ca ratio (non-traditional factors) that contribute to VC in diabetes
mellitus, which is very important the study of these changes will allow developing more optimal approaches
to the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes complicated by DN.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Selection of material and writing the text: Archakova T
Design and correction of the review: Nedosugova L

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018.