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tone, protecting microcirculation, and reducing inflammation. In the microcirculation, Ruscus showed a
protective effect against histamine-and ischemia/reperfusion-induced leakage in the hamster cheek pouch
model, and these effects appeared to involve α1-adrenoreceptors and muscarinic receptors [46-48] .

CONCLUSIONS
Stasis microangiopathy is a pathology with a very complex pathogenesis characterized by the interaction of
multiple factors. There are still many areas of uncertainty that need further studies to be fully understood.
Treatment of stasis microangiopathy is based on compression therapy and drugs. Compression therapy
removes the “upstream” pathological trigger by reducing venous hypertension, which is the “primum
movens” of the disease. Drugs, on the other hand, act “downstream” on various hemodynamic,
hemorheological, and biochemical factors, which interact and cause the tissue damage that characterizes
stasis microangiopathy.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Literature review, manuscript preparation, review of the manuscript: Bilancini S
Literature review, review of the manuscript: Lucchi M
Literature review, review and editing of the manuscript: Ciacciarelli M

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021.

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