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Page 24 of 33 Ren et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 6

Figure 9. Applications in sensing and other fields. (A) DLP printed thermochromic Fresnel lens for light focusing and temperature sensing.
Reproduced with permission from Ref. [153] . Copyright 2022, Elsevier; (B) 4D-printed magnetoelectric device for self-powered pressure
sensing and intrusion warning. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [154] . Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH; (C) Fiber tip TPP printed polymer
microcantilever with magnetic tip for weak field magnetic sensing. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [155] . Copyright 2023, American
Chemical Society; (D) UV-assisted DIW hygroscopic LCE actuator for humidity-driven motion and environmental readout. Reproduced
with permission from Ref. [156] . Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH; (E) Femtosecond laser nanoprinted all optical fiber sensilla for bidirectional
airflow monitoring. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [157] . Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society; (F) Magnetic soft robotic fish
for reusable water purification. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [158] . Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH; (G) TPP structural color lattices for
reversible pH sensing and anti-counterfeiting. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [159] . Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (H) DLP printable
UV curable SMP for large strain, fatigue-resistant micro actuators in aerospace. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [160] . Copyright 2021,
Wiley-VCH. DLP: Digital light processing; 4D: four-dimensional; TPP: two-photon polymerization; UV: ultraviolet; DIW: direct ink writing;
LCE: liquid crystal elastomer; SMP: shape memory polymer.

Ali et al. used DLP to 3D print Fresnel lenses incorporating thermochromic pigments . This optical device
[153]
can both focus light and report temperature through stimulus-related color shifts, establishing a material-
based sensing strategy [Figure 9A]. Transitioning from property modulation to functional conversion, Wu
et al. combined 4D-printed conductive and magnetic parts to realize a magnetoelectric device . This device
[154]
converted mechanical input into electrical output and functioned as a self-powered pressure sensor for
intrusion warning [Figure 9B]. To miniaturize sensing capabilities into a tightly integrated platform, Huang
et al. printed a polymer microcantilever with a magnetic tip on the end face of a fiber, yielding a compact
magnetic sensor for weak or microscale field measurement [Figure 9C] [155] . Furthermore, Kim et al.
developed hygroscopic LCE actuators via UV-assisted DIW, wherein asymmetric swelling under humidity
produced programmed motion while simultaneously serving as an environmental humidity indicator and
soft interactive probe [Figure 9D] . For clinical monitoring, Li et al. created an all-optical fiber sensilla with
[156]
microhairs and Optical Merkel cells by femtosecond laser 3D nanoprinting [157] . This sensor enables
bidirectional airflow detection with high sensitivity and stability, facilitating the identification of respiratory
patterns and apnea in compact wearable devices [Figure 9E].