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Velasquillo et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2020;7:31 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2020.30 Page 9 of 14

CONCLUSION
Mesenchymal stem cells are an emerging alternative for tissue engineering therapies. Besides their
differentiation ability, they also express paracrine functions, which have shown to be immunomodulatory
and anti-inflammatory. Taking advantage of these functions, MSC have been studied in different fields for
the medical treatment of degenerative and congenital diseases. Despite favorable findings in preclinical
studies, more clinical studies following all the steps described in translational medicine are needed to
address their efficacy, safety, and clinical application. The complexity of these technologies must be
considered carefully, and every country must follow a single regulatory pathway.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
The authors would like to thank Mariana Rodríguez for copy-editing this paper.

Authors’ contributions
Written and analyzed all topics, Veasquillo mainly in microtia: Velasquillo C, Madrazo-Ibarra A
Mayor contribution on microtia studies: Gutiérrez-Gómez C
Cleft lip and palate: Pérez-Dosal MR
Mayor contribution on stem cells applications in tissue engineering: Melgarejo-Ramírez Y
Mayor contribution articular degenerative diseases: Madrazo-Ibarra A, Ibarra C

Availability of data and materials
Reviewed several papers already published.

Financial support and sponsorship
This research work was supported by SECTEI under the project SECTEI-/183/2019 (10160c19).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020.

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