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Table 3. Penile animal models
Allo-transplantation Approach Graft Regimen References
Rat SD19 autotransplant Original rgion Penis No immunosuppression [31]
Rat SD19 autotransplant Transferred to groin region Penis No immunosuppression [32]
Rat BN to LEW Heterotopic Penis Tacrolimus 0.6 mg/kg/day maintained [33]
Rat Lew-BN to LEW Heterotopic Penis CSA 16 mg/kg/day tapered to 2 mg/kg/day in [34]
4 weeks, then maintained
BN: Brown Norway; LEW: Lewis; CSA: cyclosporin A; SD 19: Sprague-Dawely rats

Table 4. Uterus animal models
Allo-transplantation Approach Graft Regimen References
Primate M. fascicularis monkey Uterus No immunosuppression [35]
autotransplant
Primate Mismatched M. fascicularis Orthotopic Uterus Tacrolimus 0.3 mg/kg/day, MMF 20-10 [36]
monkey mg/kg/day, and methylprednisolone
10-2 mg/day maintained
Primate Mismatched olive baboons Orthotopic Uterus ATG 10 mg/kg induction, followed by tacrolimus [37]
0.1 mg/kg/day, Corticosteroids 60-5 mg/kg and
MMF 50 mg/kg
Sheep Swedish wool sheep Orthotopic Uterus No immunosuppression [38]
autotransplant
Sheep Sheep autotransplant Uterus No immunosuppression [39]
Sheep Sheep autotransplant Orthotopic Uterus No immunosuppression
Sheep Mismatched sheep Heterotopic Whole uterus No immunosuppression [40]
Sheep Mismatched Romney marsh sheep Orthotopic Uterus CSA 2-5 mg/kg/day maintained and prednisone [41]
2 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks
Sheep Mismatched sheep Orthotopic Uterus ATG 50 mg induction, followed by tacrolimus [42]
0.02 mg/kg/day, methylprednisolone 40 mg/
day and MMF 1.5 g/day
Sheep Mismatched limousine sheep Orthotopic Uterus CSA 10 mg/kg/day and MMF 3 g/day, both on [43]
POD 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, methylprednisolone
40 mg on POD 1-7
Rabbit NZW allotransplant Orthotopic Uterus Prednisolone 10 mg was given for 3 days [39]
following the “spikes” alongside an increase in
tacrolimus dose from 500 to 1 g twice/day
Rabbit Mismatched NZW Orthotopic Uterus Tacrolimus 500 μg twice daily postoperatively; [44]
embryo transfer
Rat LEW syngeneic Heterotopic Uterus No immunosuppression [45]
Rat LEW syngeneic Orthotopic Uterus No immunosuppression [46]
Rat BN to DA Heterotopic Whole uterus No immunosuppression [47]
and ovaries
Rat BN to LEW Orthotopic Uterus CSA 10 mg/kg/day maintained [48]
Rat BN to LEW Orthotopic Uterus Tacrolimus 0.5 mg/kg/day pump maintained [49]
Rat Virgin Dark Agouti to virgin LEW Orthotopic Uterus Tacrolimus 0.5 mg/kg/day maintained; male SD [50]
rats of proven fertility were used for mating
Murine F1-hybrids of inbred female Heterotopic Right uterine No immunosuppression; [51]
C57BL/6 X CBA/ca syngeneic horn and the embryo transfer
cervix
Murine B6 syngeneic Orthotopic Ovarian No immunosuppression [52]
Murine F1-hybrids of C57BL/6 X CBA/ca Heterotopic Right uterine CSA 20 mg/kg/day [53]
to B6 horn and the
cervix
BN: Brown Norway; LEW: Lewis; CSA: cyclosporin A; DA: Sprague-Dawley; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil; NZW: New Zealand White

musculocutaneous flap. The combination of two models is particularly interesting which confers a high
degree of morbidity in the animal. In the rat study, maintenance was carried out with cyclosporin A after the
inclusion of the heart transplantation. The information is presented in Table 6.

CONCLUSION
The summary of the findings in this article demonstrates the various VCA models reported in the literature
before. In order to carry our further experiments and determine the future of allotransplantation, animal
models summarized in this article will hopefully shed light on the future directions for research and where