Page 39 - Read Online

Page 14 of 17 Toyoda et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2022;9:17 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2021.118

institutional conversation and live demonstration courses, among other strategies, are needed to increase
access for this increasingly growing patient population.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study, performed data analysis and
interpretation, wrote and edited the manuscript: Toyoda Y, Azoury S, Bauder A, Levin LS, Kovach S

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Stephen Kovach is a consultant for Checkpoint Surgical which is mentioned in the manuscript. Other
authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022.

REFERENCES
1. Hsu E, Cohen SP. Postamputation pain: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment. J Pain Res 2013;6:121-36. DOI PubMed PMC
2. Ephraim PL, Wegener ST, MacKenzie EJ, Dillingham TR, Pezzin LE. Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees:
results of a national survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1910-9. DOI PubMed
3. Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL, Travison TG, Brookmeyer R. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United
States: 2005 to 2050. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:422-9. DOI PubMed
4. Lo J, Chan L, Flynn S. A systematic review of the incidence, prevalence, costs, and activity and work limitations of amputation,
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke, and traumatic brain injury in the United
States: a 2019 update. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021;102:115-31. DOI PubMed PMC
5. Chopra A, Azarbal AF, Jung E, et al. Ambulation and functional outcome after major lower extremity amputation. J Vasc Surg
2018;67:1521-9. DOI PubMed
6. Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, et al. An analysis of outcomes of reconstruction or amputation after leg-threatening injuries. N
Engl J Med 2002;347:1924-31. DOI PubMed
7. Black CK, Ormiston LD, Fan KL, Kotha VS, Attinger C, Evans KK. Amputations versus salvage: reconciling the differences. J
Reconstr Microsurg 2021;37:32-41. DOI PubMed
8. Suckow BD, Goodney PP, Nolan BW, et al. Domains that determine quality of life in vascular amputees. Ann Vasc Surg 2015;29:722-
30. DOI PubMed PMC
9. Sinha R, van den Heuvel WJ, Arokiasamy P. Factors affecting quality of life in lower limb amputees. Prosthet Orthot Int 2011;35:90-
6. DOI PubMed
10. Mundy LR, Klassen A, Grier AJ, et al. Identifying factors most important to lower extremity trauma patients: key concepts from the
development of a patient-reported outcome instrument for lower extremity trauma, the LIMB-Q. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145:1292-
301. DOI PubMed
11. Döring K, Trost C, Hofer C, et al. How common are chronic residual limb pain, phantom pain, and back pain more than 20 years after
lower limb amputation for malignant tumors? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2021;479:2036-44. DOI PubMed PMC
12. Amtmann D, Cook KF, Jensen MP, et al. Development of a PROMIS item bank to measure pain interference. Pain 2010;150:173-82.
DOI PubMed PMC
13. Askew RL, Cook KF, Revicki DA, Cella D, Amtmann D. Evidence from diverse clinical populations supported clinical validity of
PROMIS pain interference and pain behavior. J Clin Epidemiol 2016;73:103-11. DOI PubMed PMC