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Husein et al. One Health Implement Res 2023;3:16-29 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ohir.2022.32 Page 24

Table 5. The Odds Ratio and the Confidence Interval of the Multiple Logistic Regression Model; as a reference, Team I, fish meal
bait, multiple dogs, medium-sized dogs, and males were selected
Variable Odds ratio 95%CI
Team II 1.99 1.08-3.73
Team III 3.29 1.68-6.57
Team IV 1.94 1.03-3.68
Team V 1.61 0.88-2.97
Team VI 1.33 0.70-2.56
Team VII 3.64 1.78-7.58
Team VIII 1.84 0.94-3.62
Team IX 1.85 0.97-3.56
Team X 2.13 1.10-4.18
Bait - intestine 5.67 4.03-8.06
Bait - egg 4.94 3.51-6.70
Social - single 1.15 0.84-1.57
Size - large 0.98 0.66-1.45
Size - small 2.44 1.06-6.05
Sex - female 1.28 0.92-1.79

Table 6. Bait handling per bait type- only when the bait was accepted and consumed; N - number of dogs observed that were offered
and consumed a bait for the listed setting
Bait type (%)
Factor Settings N Test
Intestine Egg Fish
Amount 100% 83 91.0 69.0 64.1 Chi 2
consumed 50%-99% 93 4.8 13.7 22.2
< 50% 581 4.2 17.3 11.0
2
Sachet-1 Perforated 618 84.9 95.9 71.1 Chi
Sachet-2 Discarded 513 41.0 83.7 93.3 Chi 2
Swallowed 233 59.0 16.3 6.7
Handling time Very short (< 10 sec) 89 19.6 9.7 2.0 Chi 2
Short (10-30 sec) 224 32.8 27.4 27.4
Medium (31-60 sec) 187 19.3 26.2 31.5
Long (> 60 sec) 256 28.3 36.7 39.1

directly. The slightly lower observed interest in the egg-bait (81.1%) lies within the range observed in other
countries; 77.4%-95.8% [20,21,27,33,34] . As these local free-roaming dogs are often fed leftovers, the animals are
familiar with locally available material that can be used for bait preparation. The texture, smell, and taste of
industrially manufactured baits like egg - and fish meal baits may be unfamiliar, and thus the animals are
less inclined to accept these readily. To overcome this, a locally available pet liquid snack was pasted on the
external egg bait matrix since, in Thailand, it was shown that such a substance improved bait acceptance .
[34]
Here, adding paste to egg bait accelerated bait acceptance when offered to the dogs, resulting in an increase
[34]
in bait acceptance from 87.3% (without paste) to 92.8% (with paste) . Only 58.6% of the dogs offered the
fish meal bait consumed it, similar to Thai dogs (50.3%) but lower than dogs in Navajo Nation (81.8%) [20-21] .
Also, in Turkey, it was shown that the fish meal bait, as used for ORV of foxes and raccoon dogs in Europe,
was not very attractive to local dogs .
[28]