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Page 2 of 2 Lichtor. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2019;6:2 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2018.67

metastatic to the brain is the topic of one manuscript. Some issues regarding the interaction of hematopoietic
stem cells in the immune response is a topic of another paper. A discussion of pharmacological strategies
that interfere with glioma associated microglia/macrophage function which might be an alternative/
additional option to current approved cytotoxic regimens is reviewed in several manuscripts. Chimeric
antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are being studied, both with systemic infusion and direct administration
to the tumor and into the cerebrospinal fluid, with promising early results. A review aimed to discuss
adoptive cell therapies with a focus on CAR-T treatment in patient with brain tumors is the topic of another
manuscript. The therapeutic approach of adoptive lymphocyte transfer using lymphocytes primed and
expanded ex vivo by exposure to total tumor RNA containing dendritic cells in certain pediatric patients
with brain tumors is explored in another paper. A review of the current state of use of histone deacetylase
(HDAC) inhibitors in gliomas, the mechanistic rationale for use of HDAC inhibitors in gliomas, and
revelation of how certain HDAC inhibitors promote antitumor immunity in glioma patients is the focus of
another manuscript. Finally a review of the immunosuppressive microenvironment generated by tumors
along with various inhibitors that can impair these tumor immunosuppressive capabilities is outlined in
another manuscript.

It is clear from the papers in this special issue that immunotherapy for brain tumors is being investigated
from a number of different approaches, but significant enthusiasm remains that immunotherapy will be an
important adjunct to the treatment of patients with brain tumors.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Wrote entire review: Lichtor T

Availability of data and materials
All papers referred to in this manuscript were published in the special issue.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
The author declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019.