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van Beek et al. Microbiome Res Rep 2025;4:13 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2024.45 Page 9 of 19

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Figure 1. Intercorrelations between faecal biomarker concentrations, lower left triangle, and daily changes (delta), upper right triangle,
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(A) at 6 months and (B) at 12 months. P-values are indicated as asterisks: P < 0.001 ; P < 0.1 ; P < 0.5 .

Figure 2. Gut microbes predicting faecal biomarker changes after adjustment for total protein and total bacteria change. Associations
between daily faecal biomarker changes and daily changes in gut microbe abundances at genus levels at (A) 6 months and (B) 12
months of age. The colour represents the strength of association from a linear mixed model adjusting for total protein and total bacterial
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abundance changes. P-values are indicated as asterisks: P < 0.001 ; P < 0.1 ; P < 0.5 . The microbial class is presented as the sidebar
colour.
associated with Lactobacillus and Streptococcus [Figure 2B]. Albumin levels declined with increasing
Collinsella (both time points) and Bifidobacterium (12 months) and increased in association to Haemophilus
and members of Negativicutes [Figure 2A and B]. IgA had mostly negative associations at 6 months,
including with Anaerotruncus and Dialister, but mostly positive ones at 12 months, with
Phascolarctobacterium statistically significant [Figure 2A and B].