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Page 6 of 20 Linehan et al. Microbiome Res Rep. 2025;4:24 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2024.92

Figure 1. Heat maps of average relative abundances at (A) phylum, (B) family, (C) genus, and (D) species level of meconium, oral saliva,
maternal saliva, and vaginal samples.

Figure 6]. Corynebacterium. pyruviciproducens was present in all 18 mother-infant dyads when comparing
vaginal and oral samples and was the only species common to oral and vaginal samples. F. nucleatum was
present in 15 dyads. On average, a related mother’s oral microbiota and the infant’s meconium microbiota
shared eight bacterial taxa [Figure 2E], which accounted for 6% of the total reads in the infant’s sample
[Figure 2F]. We next examined if the amount of the infants’ meconium microbiome that was shared with
their mother’s oral microbiota differed according to the various perinatal factors investigated in previous
sections; however, no significant correlations were found. Regarding species sharing, R. mucilaginosa was
the only shared species and was present in all 18 mother-infant dyads. On average, a related mother’s
vaginal microbiota and the infant’s meconium microbiota shared 38 bacterial taxa [Figure 2G], which
accounted for 21% of the total reads in the infant’s sample [Figure 2H]. We next examined if the amount of
taxa in the infants’ meconium that was shared with their mother’s oral microbiome differed according to
the various perinatal factors investigated in previous sections; however, no significant correlations were
observed. Regarding species sharing, B. longum was the only shared species.