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Stuivenberg et al. Microbiome Res Rep 2025;4:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2024.22 Page 5 of 18

Table 2. Summary of human studies using probiotics relevant to atherosclerosis
Article Strain(s) Summary/main findings
The effect of yoghurt and its probiotics on blood pressure and ● Lactobacillus acidophilus ● 156 overweight men and women over 55 years
serum lipid profile; a randomised controlled trial La5 old
● Bifidobacterium animalis ○ 4 intervention groups:
subsp. lactis Bb12 ■ Probiotic yogurt + probiotic capsules
■ Probiotic yogurt + placebo capsules
■ Control milk + probiotic capsules
■ Control milk + placebo capsules
■ Probiotic yogurt did not significantly change
blood pressure, heart rate, or serum lipid
concentrations
■ Probiotic capsules did not change blood
pressure or concentrations of total cholesterol or
triglycerides
Lactobacillus plantarum 299v supplementation improves vascular ● Lp299v ● 20 men with stable coronary artery disease
endothelial function and reduces inflammatory biomarkers in ○ Consumed drink containing Lp299v daily for 6
men with stable coronary artery disease weeks
● Improved brachial flow-mediated dilation,
endothelium-dependent vasodilation in resistance
arteries
● Supplementation decreased circulating levels of
IL-8, leptin
● The genus Lactobacillus was enriched in post-
probiotic stool samples without other changes
● Lp299v improved vascular endothelial function
and decreased systemic inflammation in men with
coronary artery disease
○ Proposed circulating gut-derived metabolites
responsible
Multispecies probiotic supplementation favorably affects ● Bifidobacterium bifidum ● 81 obese postmenopausal women aged 45-80
vascular function and reduces arterial stiffness in obese W23 years
postmenopausal women - a 12-week placebo-controlled and ● Bifidobacterium lactis ○ 3 interventions:
randomized clinical study W51 ■ Placebo
● Bifidobacterium lactis ■ Low probiotic dose
W52 ■ Original probiotic dose
● Lactobacillus acidophilus ● High dose intervention decreased:
W37 ○ Systolic blood pressure
● Lactobacillus brevis ○ Vascular endothelial growth factor
W63 ○ Pulse wave analysis systolic pressure,
● Lactobacillus casei W56 augmentation index and velocity
● Lactobacillus salivarius ○ IL-6, TNFa, and thrombomodulin
W24 ● Low dose intervention decreased:
● Lactococcus lactis W19 ○ Systolic blood pressure
● Lactococcus lactis W58 ○ IL-6
● Supplementation favorably modifies functional
and biochemical markers of vascular dysfunction
in obese postmenopausal women
Short Communication: effect of supplementation with ● LcS ● 30 subjects supplemented with LcS for 12 weeks
Lactobacillus casei shirota on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, ● sVCAM-1 levels reduced in serum
and markers of endothelial function and inflammation in subjects ● Did not improve parameters of insulin
with metabolic syndrome - a pilot study sensitivity, β-cell function, endothelial function,
low-grade inflammation
Synbiotics easing renal failure by improving gut microbiology ● Not specified ● Stage III and IV CKD patients
(SYNERGY) - a randomized trial (prebiotics and ● Synbiotics administered for 6 weeks
probiotics combined) ● Reduced serum PCS but not IS
● Enriched Bifidobacterium in gut microbiota
● Increased albuminuria in the synbiotic arm
The influence of prebiotic arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on ● Arabinoxylan ● Patients with stage III and IV CKD
microbiota derived uremic retention solutes in patients with oligosaccharides ● 4-week intervention with washout
chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial ● No significant changes in serum IS, PCS, or
insulin resistance
● Slight reduction in TMAO levels
Probiotics-supplemented low-protein diet for microbiota ● Bifidobacterium longum ● Patients with stage III and IV CKD
modulation in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease ● Lactobacillus reuteri ● 3-month supplementation following a low-
(ProLowCKD): results from a placebo-controlled randomized protein diet
trial) ● Probiotic group showed trends in reduced
uremic toxins and proatherogenic markers
● Potential reduction in antihypertensive/diuretic
use