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Page 14 of 17 Gotoh et al. Microbiome Res Rep 2023;2:20 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2023.14

Table 2. Conservation of BiBga42A homologs among several Bifidobacterium species
Species (Genome sequence- Locus tag Identity (%)
completed type strain)
B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 BAD_1603 515/690 (75%)
B. angulatum JCM 7096 BBAG_0066 527/691 (76%)
a
B. animalis subsp. animalis ATCC 25527 nr
B. animalis subsp. lactis DSM 10140 BALAT_0484 (BlGal42A) 430/692 (62%)
B. bifidum JCM 1255 BBBF_1344 521/690 (76%)
B. breve JCM 1192 BBBR_0453 660/691 (96%)
B. catenulatum subsp. catenulatum JCM 1194 BBCT_0461 522/690 (76%)
B. catenulatum subsp. kashiwanohense JCM 15439 BBKW_0505 523/690 (76%)
B. dentium JCM 1195 BBDE_0630 517/690 (75%)
B. eulemuris DSM 100216 BE0216_04680 569/689 (83%)
B. lemurum DSM 28807 BL8807_06925 565/690 (82%)
B. longum subsp. longum JCM 1217 BLLJ_0443 661/691 (96%)
B. pseudocatenulatum JCM 1200 BBPC_0515 517/690 (75%)
B. pseudolongum subsp. globosum DSM 20092 nr

a
None retrieved. BiBga42A: a glycoside hydrolase family 42 β-galactosidase.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
We thank the staff of the Photon Factory and SPring-8 for X-ray data collection, Yuuki Higashi at Ishikawa
Prefectural University for technical support in protein crystallization, Toshihiko Katoh at Kyoto University
for manuscript preparation, and Glycom A/S for providing LNT and LNnT.

Authors’ contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: Katayama T, Gotoh A
Prepared the enzymes and assayed: Gotoh A, Nishimoto M, and Kitaoka M
Crystallized: Sakurama H, Katayama T
Determined the structures: Fushinobu S and Hidaka M
Analyzed the database: Sakanaka M, Katayama T
Drafted the manuscript: Gotoh A, Katayama T, Fushinobu S
Edited the manuscript and supervised the study: Katayama T, Fushinobu S
All authors discussed the data and contributed to completing the final manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
Atomic coordinates and structure factors of WT-GOL, E160A/E318A-Gal, and E318S-LNT of the Bga42A
protein from B. infantis ATCC15697 have been deposited in the PDB under accession numbers 8IBR, 8IBS,
and 8IBT, respectively. All materials except for LNT and LNnT, which are gifts from Glycom A/S, are
available upon reasonable request.

Financial support and sponsorship
This study was partly supported by the Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (K-25-04 to TK), JSPS Research
Fellowship (17J08530 to AG), and JSPS-KAKENHI (15H04481, 17K19231, and 21H02116 to TK, and
15F15091, 24380053, and 19H00929 to SF).