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Nota et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:74 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.57 Page 5 of 9

Table 2. Operative characteristics and histopathological outcomes
Parameter Outcome
Resections performed, n (%)
Minor resection solely including anterolateral segments 32 (46)
Wedge resection 17 (24)
Segmental resection 15 (21)
Minor resection including posterosuperior segments 28 (40)
Wedge resection 21 (30)
Segmental resection 7 (10)
Major resection (right and left hepatectomy) 10 (14)
Surgical details
Concomitant procedures, n (%) 7 (10)
1,
Operative time, mean (SD), min ^ 160 (78)
2,
Console time, mean (SD), min * 111 (69)
3,
Parenchymal transection time, mean (SD), min * 43 (26)
EBL, median (IQR), mL 150 (40-300)
RBC transfusions, median (IQR) 0 (0-0)
FFP transfusions, median (IQR) 0 (0-0)
Conversion to laparotomy, n (%) 5 (7)
Placement of surgical drain, n (%) 27 (38)
Use of biological agents (TachoSil, Surgicel), n (%)* 51 (79)
Pringle manoeuvre performed (intermittent clamping), n (%) 31 (44)
Duration of inflow occlusion, mean (SD) min 1 41 (15)
Epidural analgesia, n (%) 20 (29)
Stapler loads used per procedure, median (IQR)* 0 (0-2)
Robotic system used, n (%)
da Vinci Si surgical system 55 (79)
da Vinci X surgical system 6 (9)
da Vinci Xi surgical system 9 (13)
Histopathological outcomes, n (%)
Definitive diagnosis
CRLM 31 (44)
Metastases, other 5 (7)
HCC 15 (21)
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma 4 (6)
Benign 13 (19)
Other 2 (3)
Cirrhosis on final pathology, n (%) 8 (11)
#
Radical (R0) resection 42 (76)
Tumor size, mean (SD), mm & 37 (26)
3
1 One missing value; four missing values; twenty missing values; ^operative time for liver resection, corrected for concomitant
2
#
&
procedures; *converted cases excluded; solely reported for malignancies; in cases of multiple resected tumours, only the largest tumour
was included in the calculation. SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; RBC: red blood cells; FFP: fresh frozen plasma; CRLM:
colorectal liver metastases; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; EBL: estimated blood loss
(n = 8), left or right hepatectomies (n = 8), resections of the posterior sector (n = 3), and resections of
segment 7 or 8 (n = 3). Overall, median blood loss was 150 mL (IQR 40-300), and in 51 procedures (79%)
biological agents were applied to the resection surface to ensure haemostasis and biliostasis when deemed
appropriate. No technical errors or handling difficulties of the Vessel Sealer were encountered.

Postoperative outcomes
Postoperative outcomes are summarized in Table 3. Ten patients (14%) suffered from a major complication.
Three patients (4%) suffered from bile leakage postoperatively, two of which underwent a left hepatectomy,
and the third patient underwent a segmental resection of segment 5. Of the three patients who suffered
from bile leakage, two patients needed additional radiological drainage. The median length of hospital stay
was four days. In total, 37 patients (53%) were discharged on day 4 or earlier; 12 patients (17%) went home
on postoperative day one or two.