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Page 8 of 13                                       Ohmura et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2019;3:4  I  http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2018.69


               Table 1. Demographic characteristics, perioperative details, and pathological outcome of gastric cancer patients
                                                      EC-THS (n = 85)         IC-HHS (n = 110)
               Variable                                                                           P value
                                                  Mean ± SD     Range      Mean ± SD    Range
               Backgrounds
                 Age, mean ± SD (y.o.)            70.7 ± 9.5    44-88     71.2 ± 10.2   38-93     P = 0.68
                 Sex, No. (%)
                   Male                           58 (68.2%)              77 (70.0%)              P = 0.79
                   Female                         27 (31.8%)              33 (30.0%)
                 BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m )           23.5 ± 3.3    19-31     22.7 ± 3.5    17-34     P = 0.17
                              2
                 ASA classification, No. (%)
                   I                              17 (20.0%)              18 (16.4%)              P = 0.57
                   II                             55 (64.7%)              74 (67.3%)
                   III                            13 (15.3%)              18 (16.4%)
                 Location, No. (%)
                   Upper stomach                  0 (0.0%)                0 (0.0%)                P = 0.21
                   Middle stomach                 58 (68.2%)              84 (76.4%)
                   Lower stomach                  27 (31.8%)              26 (23.6%)
                   Lower stomach (D+)             2 (1.8%)                3 (2.7%)
                 Prior abdominal surgery, No. (%)
                   Yes                            23 (27.1%)              20 (18.2%)              P = 0.14
                   No                             62 (72.9%)              90 (81.8%)
                 Anticoagulant use, No. (%)
                   Yes                            17 (20.0%)              21 (19.1%)              P = 0.87
                   No                             68 (80.0%)              89 (80.9%)
               Perioperative details
                 Lymph node dissection, No. (%)
                   D1+                            84 (98.8%)              96 (87.3%)              P < 0.01
                   D2                             1 (1.2%)                14 (12.7%)
                 Operation time, mean ± SD (min)  234.8 ± 29.6  175-302   275.0 ± 34.7  230-411   P < 0.01
                 Blood loss, mean ± SD (mL)       48.4 ± 39.6   5-180     25.4 ± 32.6   3-140     P = 0.03
                 Cholecystectomy, No. (%)         8 (9.4%)                17 (15.6%)              P = 0.21
                 Complications, C-D grade No. (%)
                   Grade I                        5 (5.9%)                1 (0.9%)
                   Grade II                       4 (4.7%)                2 (1.8%)
                   Grade IIIa                     0 (0.0%)                0 (0.0%)
                   Grade IIIc                     0 (0.0%)                1 (0.9%)
                 LOHS, mean ± SD (day)            14.6 ± 3.8    5-23      13.3 ± 4.8    7-34      P = 0.04
               Pathological outcomes
                 T stage, No. (%)
                   Mucosa                         47 (55.3%)              64 (58.2%)              P = 0.83
                   Submucosa                      24 (28.2%)              27 (24.5%)
                   Muscularis propria             8 (9.4%)                8 (7.3%)
                   Subserosa                      6 (7.1%)                11 (10.0%)
                 N stage, No. (%)
                   0                              83 (97.6%)              105 (95.5%)             P = 0.43
                   1 (1-3)                        2 (2.4%)                5 (4.5%)
                 Lymph node yield, mean ± SD (No.)  30.8 ± 10.2  11-59    29.4 ± 9.8    11-59     P = 0.34
                 Pathological stage, No. (%)
                   IA                             67 (78.8%)              90 (81.8%)              P = 0.75
                   IB                             11 (12.9%)              8 (7.3%)
                   IIA                            6 (7.1%)                6 (5.5%)
                   IIB                            1 (1.2%)                6 (5.5%)
               EC-THS: extracorporeal-total hand-sewn group; IC-HHS: intracorporeal-hemi-hand-sewn group; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass
               index; ASA score: American Society of Anthologist score; C-D grade: Clavien-Dindo classification grade; LOHS: post-operative length of
               hospital stay

               Though a B-I gastroduodenostomy requires only one anastomosis, it is difficult to perform through a small
               laparotomy in obese patients. The degree of difficulty is greatly affected by the patient’s figure. On the
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