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Page 6 of 15 Okafor et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2024;8:28 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2023.128

Table 2. Modified Kadish classification
Staging Description
A Tumor confined to nasal cavity
B Tumor extension to paranasal sinuses
*
C Tumor extension beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, including involvement of cribriform plate, skull base, intracranial
cavity, and/or orbit
*
D Tumor metastasis to cervical lymph nodes and/or distant sites
*
Advanced stage.

Table 3. Dulguerov classification system
Staging Description
Primary tumor
T1 Tumor involving the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses (excluding the sphenoid), without involvement of the most superior
ethmoid
T2 Tumor extending into the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses (including the sphenoid) with extension to or eroding the cribriform
plate
T3 Tumor extension into the orbit or protruding into the anterior cranial fossa but no dural involvement
T4 Tumor invading the brain
Lymph nodes
N0 None
N1 Any evidence of cervical lymph node metastasis
Distant metastasis
M0 None
M1 Distant metastasis

Table 4. Kadish-INSICA staging system
Staging Description
Kadish-INSICA A Tumor confined to nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses
Kadish-INSICA B Tumor extends beyond sinuses but no dural infiltration or nodal/distant metastases
Kadish-INSICA C Tumor extends beyond sinuses with dural infiltration but no nodal/distant metastases
Kadish-INSICA D Kadish-INSICA DN: nodal metastasis only
Kadish-INSICA DM: distant metastases present
INSICA: International Network For Sinonasal Cancer Research.

Figure 1. Treatment algorithm for olfactory neuroblastoma.