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Bhasin et al. J Transl Genet Genom 2024;8:55-76 Journal of Translational
DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2023.46
Genetics and Genomics

Review Open Access

Tumor-associated antigen targets for novel immune-
based strategies in prostate cancer

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Amman Bhasin , Patrick J. Mille , Aditya Eturi , Andrew Iskander , William Tester , Kevin K. Zarrabi 2
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Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107,
USA.
Correspondence to: Dr. Kevin K. Zarrabi, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson
University Hospital, 834 Chestnut Street Benjamin Franklin House Suite 320, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. E-mail:
Kevin.Zarrabi@jefferson.edu
How to cite this article: Bhasin A, Mille PJ, Eturi A, Iskander A, Tester W, Zarrabi KK. Tumor-associated antigen targets for novel
immune-based strategies in prostate cancer. J Transl Genet Genom 2024;8:55-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2023.46
Received: 7 Nov 2023 First Decision: 20 Dec 2023 Revised: 28 Dec 2023 Accepted: 30 Jan 2024 Published: 6 Feb 2024

Academic Editor: Sanjay Gupta Copy Editor: Fangyuan Liu Production Editor: Fangyuan Liu

Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most common malignancy among men in the United States. Advancements in
androgen receptor signaling blockade have led to landmark approvals for its use in patients with locally advanced
and metastatic disease. However, additional novel therapeutic strategies for both hormone-sensitive and
castration-resistant diseases remain ongoing areas of study. Thus, we turn to the growth of immuno-oncology,
which has led to improved treatment outcomes for a variety of hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Prostate
cancers have shown only modest results with immune checkpoint inhibition in published trials, and innovative
strategies are now looking into enhancing cytotoxic T-cell activity against cancer cells. This review provides a
thorough evaluation of tumor-associated antigens that are integrated into novel chimeric antigen receptor T-cell
and bispecific T-cell engager therapies. Our review will evaluate the most recent advancements in
immunotherapies, while also illustrating major obstacles and underlying limiting factors.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, bispecific antibody, CAR-T, immunotherapy

INTRODUCTION
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men

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