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Clédel et al. J Surveill Secur Saf 2020;1:119­39 Journal of Surveillance,
DOI: 10.20517/jsss.2020.08 Security and Safety

Original Article Open Access

Resilience properties and metrics: how far have we
gone?

1
Thomas Clédel , Nora Cuppens 1,2 , Frédéric Cuppens 1,2 , Romain Dagnas 3
1 Department of systems, networks, cybersecurity and digital law, IMT Atlantique, Cesson-Sévigné 35510, France.
2 Department of IT and software engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
3 Cybersecurity Team, IRT SystemX, Palaiseau 91120, France.

Correspondence to: Prof. Nora Cuppens, Department of IT and software engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de
Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada. E-mail: nora.boulahia-cuppens@polymtl.ca; ORCID: 0000-0001-8792-0413.
How to cite this article: Clédel T, Cuppens N, Cuppens F,Dagnas R. Resilience properties and metrics: how far have we gone?. J
Surveill Secur Saf 2020;1:119-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jsss.2020.08

Received: 6 Mar 2020 First Decision: Revised: 31 Aug 2020 Accepted: 31 Oct 2020 Published: 30 Nov 2020

Academic Editor: Xiaofeng Chen Copy Editor: Cai-Hong Wang Production Editor: Jing Yu

Abstract
Aim: Resilience is discussed among researchers and practitioners for several decades, but its definition has been
questioned even recently and many methods are proposed to evaluate the resilience of systems. This paper presents
a review of historic and recent research articles that define and/or propose a way to measure resilience of systems.

Methods: While definitions are classified according to the ideas they focus on, different categories of metrics are
described, such as quantitative or qualitative approaches.

Results: This paper points out that many metrics tend to valuate resilience similarly. In fact, they are generally built
upon a specific definition. On the other hand metrics can also be really heterogeneous and do not capture the same
meaning of system resilience when different definitions of resilience are considered.

Conclusion: This paper aims at gathering and comparing metrics and definitions of resilience in order to determine
the origins of the particularities and classify them according to the attributes they take into account.

Keywords: Resilience, metrics/measurement, survey

© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, shar­
ing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you
give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate
if changes were made.

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