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Author Instructions

2.3.1.4 Abstract
The abstract should be a single paragraph with word limitation and specific structure requirements (for more details please
refer to Types of Manuscripts). It usually describes the main objective(s) of the study, explains how the study was done,
including any model organisms used, without methodological detail, and summarizes the most important results and their
significance. The abstract must be an objective representation of the study: it is not allowed to contain results which are not
presented and substantiated in the manuscript, or exaggerate the main conclusions. Citations should not be included in the
abstract.

2.3.1.5 Graphical Abstract
The graphical abstract is essential as this can catch first view of your publication by readers. We recommend you to submit
an eye-catching figure. It should summarize the content of the article in a concise graphical form. It is recommended to use
it because this can make online articles get more attention. The graphic abstract should be submitted as a separate document
in the online submission system. Please provide an image with a minimum of 531 × 1,328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally
more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 × 13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types:
tiff, psd, AI, jpeg and eps files.

2.3.1.6 Keywords
Three to eight keywords should be provided, which are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject
discipline.
2.3.2 Main Text
Manuscripts of different types are structured with different sections of content. Please refer to Types of Manuscripts to
make sure which sections should be included in the manuscripts.

2.3.2.1 Introduction
Provide a context or background for the study (that is, the nature of the problem and its significance). State the specific
purpose or research objective of, or hypothesis tested by, the study or observation. Cite only directly pertinent references,
and do not include data or conclusions from the work being reported.

2.3.2.2 Methods
The guiding principle of the Methods section should be clarity about how and why a study was done in a particular way. The
Methods section should aim to be sufficiently detailed such that others with access to the data would be able to reproduce
the results. In general, the section should include only information that was available at the time the plan or protocol for
the study was being written; all information obtained during the study belongs in the Results section. If an organization
was paid or otherwise contracted to help conduct the research (examples include data collection and management), then
this should be detailed in the methods. The Methods section should include a statement indicating that the research was
approved by an independent local, regional or national review body (e.g., ethics committee, institutional review board). If
doubt exists whether the research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, the authors must explain
the rationale for their approach and demonstrate that the local, regional or national review body explicitly approved the
doubtful aspects of the study.

2.3.2.2.1 Selection and Description of Participants
Clearly describe the selection of observational or experimental participants (healthy individuals or patients, including
controls), including eligibility and exclusion criteria and a description of the source population. Because the relevance of
such variables as age, sex, or ethnicity is not always known at the time of study design, researchers should aim for inclusion
of representative populations into all study types and at a minimum provide descriptive data for these and other relevant
demographic variables. Comment on how representative the study sample is of the larger population of interest.
Ensure correct use of the terms sex (when reporting biological factors) and gender (identity, psychosocial or cultural
factors), and, unless inappropriate, report the sex and/or gender of study participants, the sex of animals or cells, and
describe the methods used to determine sex and gender. If the study was done involving an exclusive population, for
example in only one sex, authors should justify why. Authors should define how they determined race or ethnicity and
justify their relevance. In the case where race or ethnicity was not collected, explain why it was not collected. Race and
ethnicity are social and not biological constructs; authors should interpret results associated with race and ethnicity in that
context. Authors should use neutral, precise, and respectful language to describe study participants and avoid the use of
terminology that might stigmatize participants.
2.3.2.2.2 Technical Information
Specify the study’s main and secondary objectives–usually identified as primary and secondary outcomes. Identify methods,
equipment (give the manufacturer’s name and address in parentheses), and procedures in sufficient detail to allow others to
reproduce the results. Give references to established methods, including statistical methods (see below); provide references

Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment IX