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Testa et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2020;6:53                    Journal of Cancer
               DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.111                          Metastasis and Treatment




               Review                                                                        Open Access


               Angiogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia


               Ugo Testa, Germana Castelli, Elvira Pelosi

               Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy.

               Correspondence to: Dr. Ugo Testa, Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161,
               Italy. E-mail: ugo.testa@iss.it

               How to cite this article: Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Angiogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2020;6:53.
               http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2020.111

               Received: 9 Oct 2020    First Decision: 30 Oct 2020    Revised: 16 Nov 2020    Accepted: 30 Nov 2020    Published: 24 Dec 2020
               Academic Editor: Domenico Ribatti    Copy Editor: Miao Zhang    Production Editor: Jing Yu



               Abstract
               Angiogenesis is a word that refers to new blood vessel formation, and this process is of fundamental importance
               for physiological development and tissue homeostasis, as well as the genesis of several diseases, including tumors.
               Thus, studies carried out in the last years have shown that angiogenesis is essential for the growth of many solid
               tumors. Angiogenesis is also important for the growth of many hematological malignancies, including acute
               myeloid leukemia (AML). Endothelial cells are essential constituents of the bone marrow vascular niches, structures
               essential for the survival and maintenance of normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Bone marrow endothelial
               cells play an essential role in leukemia development and there is growing evidence that a targeting of both leukemic
               and endothelial cells of the leukemic vascular niche may improve the efficacy of antileukemic therapies. Bone
               marrow angiogenesis is frequently increased in AML, is morphologically evidenced as increased microvascular
               density, and is typically associated with some AML subtypes. The molecular mechanisms underlying the increased
               angiogenesis in some AML subtypes have been defined. In conclusion, a better understanding of angiogenesis
               as well as the fundamental interactions between bone marrow endothelial cells and leukemic stem cells may
               contribute to improve antileukemia treatments.

               Keywords: Acute myeloid leukemia, angiogenesis, microvascular density, vascular niche, endothelial cells,
               endothelial growth factors




               INTRODUCTION
               Angiogenesis is a fundamental and vital process required for the generation of a functional vasculature
                                                        [1]
               essential for tissue and whole organism survival . Blood vessels are not only simple conduits required to
                           © The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
                           International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
                sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long
                as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
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