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There is the potential for adverse effects with any therapy; hence, to avoid unnecessary harm, it is crucial to
carefully select patients who are most likely to derive benefit from a given treatment. In fact, we have
learned from previous adjuvant trials involving VEGFR TKIs that the TRAEs were significant and
impacting on the quality of life of the participants, and, more often than not, they resulted in dose
reductions, thus diminishing the ability of patients to remain on treatment. Therefore, it is hoped that
future studies will help develop predictive biomarkers which can be used in conjunction with pathological
staging and risk prognostication to guide patient selection, allowing adjuvant treatment to only be given to
those who will most likely benefit from it.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to literature review required for the manuscript as well as writing and
editing it: Sawhney P, Suyanto S
Contributed to writing and editing the manuscript: Michael A, Pandha H

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Suyanto S is employed by Eisai Inc., but this review paper does not represent the view of Eisai Inc.
Suyanto S is affiliated with Royal Surrey County Hospital. The remaining authors declared that there are no
conflicts of interest

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021.

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