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Page 8 of 12                             Flynn et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2019;5:43  I  http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2019.13

                A Randomized, 2x2 Factorial Design   Recruiting  Tertiary Prevention in Colon Cancer  Drug: Aspirin (ASA) + Metformin
                Biomarker Prevention Trial of Low-dose                            (MET)|Drug: ASA|Drug: MET|Drug:
                Aspirin and Metformin in Stage I-III                              Placebos
                Colorectal Cancer Patients.
                Randomized Phase II Trial of Pre-Operative   Active, not   Pancreatic Cancer  Drug: gemcitabine|Drug:
                Gemcitabine and Nab Paclitacel With or With recruiting            abraxane|Drug: hydroxychloroquine
                Out Hydroxychloroquine
                The Treatment of Advanced Lung Cancer   Not yet recruiting Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung  Biological: Dribble vaccine
                With Dribbles Antigen by Targeting
                Activation of Tcells
                Pre-Operative Trial (PGHA vs. PGH) for   Recruiting  Pancreatic Cancer Resectable  Drug: Gemcitabine, Nab-
                Resectable Pancreatic Cancer                                      Paclitaxel, hydroxychloroquine and
                                                                                  Avelumab|Drug: Gemcitabine, Nab-
                                                                                  Paclitaxel, and hydroxychloroquine
                Sunitinib Malate and Hydroxychloroquine   Active, not   Adult Solid Neoplasm  Drug: Hydroxychloroquine|Other:
                in Treating Patients With Advanced Solid   recruiting             Laboratory Biomarker Analysis|Other:
                Tumors That Have Not Responded to                                 Pharmacological Study|Drug:
                Chemotherapy                                                      Sunitinib Malate
                The Role of Fibroblast Activation in Uterine   Not yet recruiting Uterine Fibroid  Genetic: Measurement of protein
                Fibroid                                                           expression in tissue and /or blood
                                                                                  samples.
                International Cooperative Phase III Trial of the Recruiting  Glioblastoma WHO Grade IV|Diffuse   Drug: Temozolomide + Valproic
                HIT-HGG Study Group (HIT-HGG-2013)      Midline Glioma Histone 3 K27M WHO   Acid|Drug: Temozolomide +
                                                        Grade IV|Anaplastic Astrocytoma   Chloroquine
                                                        WHO Grade III|Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine
                                                        Glioma|Gliomatosis Cerebri
                Short Course Radiation Therapy With   Active, not   Pancreatic Cancer  Drug: Capecitabine|Drug:
                Proton or Photon Beam Capecitabine and   recruiting               Hydroxychloroquine|Radiation:
                Hydroxychloroquine for Resectable Pancreatic                      Proton or Photon Radiation Therapy
                Cancer
                Androgen Deprivation Therapy Muscle   Recruiting  Prostate Cancer|Resistance   Drug: Zoladex
                Protein Metabolism and Blood Glucose    Exercise|Androgen Deprivation Therapy
                Autophagy Inhibition to Augment mTOR   Active, not   Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell   Drug: Hydroxychloroquine|Drug:
                Inhibition: A Phase I/II Trial of RAD001   recruiting  Carcinoma  RAD001
                and Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With
                Previously Treated Renal Cell Carcinoma
                Dabrafenib/Trametinib/Hydroxychloroquine  Recruiting  Melanoma    Drug: Dabrafenib|Drug:
                for Advanced Pretreated BRAF V600 Mutant                          Trametinib|Drug: Hydroxychloroquine
                Melanoma
                The Addition of Chloroquine to   Not yet recruiting Glioblastoma|Astrocytoma, Grade IV  Drug: Chloroquine
                Chemoradiation for Glioblastoma,
                The Addition of Chloroquine to   Recruiting  Glioblastoma Multiforme  Drug: Chloroquine|Radiation:
                Chemoradiation for Glioblastoma                                   Radiotherapy|Drug: Temozolomide
                Gemcitabine, Docetaxel, and   Recruiting  Recurrent Osteosarcoma|Refractory   Drug: Docetaxel|Drug:
                Hydroxychloroquine in Treating Participants   Osteosarcoma        Gemcitabine|Drug:
                With Recurrent or Refractory Osteosarcoma                         Hydroxychloroquine
                The BAMM Trial: BRAF, Autophagy and   Recruiting  Advanced BRAF Mutant Melanoma  Drug: Trametinib 2 mg daily|Drug:
                MEK Inhibition in Metastatic Melanoma:                            hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)
                A Phase I/2 Trial of Dabrafenib, Trametinib
                and Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With
                Advanced BRAF Mutant Melanoma
                Characterization of the Mechanisms of   Recruiting  Myelodysplastic Syndromes or Acute
                Resistance to Azacitidine               Myeloid Leukemia With Multilineage
                                                        Dysplasia
                TN-TC11G (THC+CBD) Combination With   Not yet recruiting Glioblastoma  Drug: TN-TC11G|Drug: Temozolomide
                Temozolomide and Radiotherapy in Patients                         Oral Product|Radiation: Radiotherapy
                With Newly-diagnosed Glioblastoma
                Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With   Recruiting  Hepatocellular Carcinoma  Other: blood collection
                a Cirrhosis Due to an Alcoholic or a Non
                Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
               List of clinical trials (www.clinicaltrials.gov) that are currently active, recruiting, or not yet recruiting patients for clinical trials to study
               how autophagy modulation, primarily through chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine treatment, influences tumor growth and progression

                                                                                                       [83]
               drug target, thereby producing synergistic cell killing in the form of autosis (i.e., autophagic cell death ).
               Along these lines, several clinical trials associated with mTOR modulation have sought to overcome
               endocrine resistance associated with hormone receptor positive breast cancer treatments. Unfortunately,
               single agent modification of autophagy by administration of mTOR pathway inhibitors has proven to be
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