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Page 28 of 33 Berardi et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2019;5:79 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2019.008

are based on retrospective or non-randomized studies such as case reports and case series, and based on
clinical recommendations obtained by an Italian group of experts. A recent review analyzed dysnatremia,
hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia in cancer patients [165] . Our manuscript deepens understanding of the
consequences of electrolytic disturbances on the outcome of cancer patients as well as the roles of ion
channels in carcinogenesis. In addition, in this review, the electrolytic disturbances of four cations are
analyzed, namely Na, K, Ca, and Mg, to try to offer diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms useful for patient
management in clinical practice. Prospective studies are needed to improve the management of electrolyte
disorders in cancer patients.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the work: Berardi R
Performed acquisition and analysis of data and have drafted the manuscript: Torniai M, Lenci E, Pecci F,
Morgese F, Rinaldi S
Revised the manuscript: Berardi R

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019.

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