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Spallanzani et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2018;4:28              Journal of Cancer
               DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2018.31                           Metastasis and Treatment




               Review                                                                        Open Access


               Immunotherapy in the treatment of colorectal
               cancer: a new kid on the block


               Andrea Spallanzani, Fabio Gelsomino, Francesco Caputo, Chiara Santini, Kalliopi Andrikou, Giulia Orsi,
               Margherita Rimini, Stefania Pipitone, Laura Riggi, Camilla Bardasi, Massimiliano Salati, Stefano Cascinu

               Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena 41124, Italy.
               Correspondence to: Dr. Andrea Spallanzani, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, Modena
               41124, Italy. E-mail: andrea.spallanzani@unimore.it
               How to cite this article: Spallanzani A, Gelsomino F, Caputo F, Santini C, Andrikou K, Orsi G, Rimini M, Pipitone S, Riggi L, Bardasi
               C, Salati M, Cascinu S. Immunotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer: a new kid on the block. J Cancer Metastasis Treat
               2018;4:28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2018.31
               Received: 13 May 2018     First Decision: 29 May 2018     Revised: 1 Jun 2018     Accepted: 6 Jun 2018     Published: 19 Jun 2018

               Science Editor: Guofeng Xie     Copy Editor: Jun-Yao Li     Production Editor: Huan-Liang Wu


               Abstract
               In the last few years, the success of anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 drugs in solid cancers treatment and the advances in
               molecular biology have provided new potential treatment strategies for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
               Unfortunately, only patients with mismatch repair deficiency seem to benefit from immunotherapy and they represent
               a small subset of the metastatic population. New ongoing studies focus on converting an immune ignorant tumour
               into an inflamed one by combination therapies and on introducing an immunotherapeutic approach in earlier stages of
               disease (neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting). In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the molecular
               and immune landscape of colorectal cancer and propose new potential combination strategies to enhance the efficacy
               of immunotherapy.


               Keywords: Colorectal cancer, immunotherapy, microsatellite instability, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab




               INTRODUCTION
               Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in males and the second in females, representing
                                                                             [1,2]
               the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in older adults .

               However, CRC-related mortality has declined progressively in the past decades, due to cancer screening
               programs, standardization of preoperative and postoperative care, improved surgical techniques and more-
                                                                     [3]
               effective systemic therapies for early and advanced-stage disease .

                           © The Author(s) 2018. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
                           International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
                sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long
                as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
                and indicate if changes were made.


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