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Ding et al. Hepatoma Res 2018;4:12 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2018.07 Page 7 of 8

We found that LPS enhanced the effect of β2GPI- and HBsAg in development of liver cancer by increasing
the activity NF-κB and elevating levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and AFP. We predict that LPS may be an initiating
agent in the pathogenesis of HCC, combining with β2GPI to activate and expose β2GPI binding sites to
HBsAg, in turn interacting with HBsAg to further modulate NF-κB. Further studies are needed to uncover
the specific mechanisms of interaction of β2GPI, HBsAg and LPS, and the role of β2GPI in liver cancer and
other hepatic diseases.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Designed the study protocol, performed the studies and wrote the manuscript: Jing X, Ding XL
Gathered the data and performed the statistical analyses: Han NJ, Yang L, Yu YN Improved the final version
of the manuscript: Tian ZB, Gao PJ

Data source and availability
The data presented is original and obtained in our laboratory. It is available with the authors and can be made
available if required.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Youth Foundation of China (No. 81101853) and
Natural Science Youth Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2016HQ35).

Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.

Patient consent
Not applicable.

Ethics approval
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018.

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