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as acknowledged by the majority of scholars [73-75] . Anticipation surrounds the development of a more refined
molecular classification of ICC and the progress of non-invasive methods for detecting genetic mutation
profiles. Looking ahead, as the molecular classification of ICC matures and non-invasive methods for
detecting genetic mutation profiles advance, targeted therapies for ICC can ascend to a new echelon,
potentially paving the way for frontline adjuvant and adjunct therapies.

In summary, we summarized the progress and deficiencies in mutation-based therapies for ICC in this
review. Mutation-based therapies have offered innovative treatment options for particular groups of
patients and acted as potential members in combination therapy, but they still face certain obstacles. In the
age of individualized and precision medicine, further research and clinical practice are needed to advance
the field of mutation-based therapies.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Manuscript conception and design: Zhou SL, Zhou J, Fan J, Zhou ZJ
Manuscript draft and revision: Pan SY, Ye YH

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82173260, No.
81972708, No. 82072681, No. 82003082, No. 81773069, No. 81830102, No. 81772578); the National Key
R&D Program of China (No. 2019YFC1315800, 2019YFC1315802, 2018YFA0109400); Shanghai Technical
Standard Program (21DZ2201100).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.

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