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Page 42 of 64 Rehman et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400068 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.06

Figure 19. (A) Diagram of HOMO and LUMO energy levels showing electron acceptance and donation ability of EC, PC, and DEGDME.
(b) AIMD simulation snapshots of DEGDME-based electrolyte. (c) Radial distribution functions g(r) of Na-O and Na-F pairs in both
+
electrolytes. (d) Solvation energy and (e) desolvation energy of Na -solvent complexes. (f) Schematic illustration of reaction kinetics of
-1
Sn@NC full cells with DEGDME-based electrolyte. (B) (a) Cyclic performances at 1.0 A g in both electrolytes (b) Long-term cycling for
-1 [75]
10,000 cycles of composite anodes at 5.0 A g in DEGDME-based electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from . Copyright © 2023
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effective binders
The biggest dilemma of high-volume expansions in alloying anode materials in SIB may have multifactorial
origination. However, the role of the binder is very crucial in this regard. The binder not only holds the
active material onto the current collector, but also plays a role in managing the stress for volume variations,
particularly in alloying anodes. In addition, it safeguards the integrity of isolated electrode particles. Huge
volume variations also have detrimental effects on the electrical conductivity of the active material, which is
ensured by an efficient network established by the binder. The commonly employed polyvinylidene fluoride
(PVDF) binder has been proven to be inefficient in SIBs. Its decomposition products have been found to be
responsible for low ICE with a negative impact on long-term cycling performance [26,252,253] . Moreover, the
binder has a typical role in minimizing the pulverization issue. It also mitigates regrowth of fresh SEI and
sustains SEI to ensure a high ICE. Other than PVDF, many binders have shown to have suitable
performances in SIBs, including Chitosan, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and so