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Figure 6. (A) Voltage profiles of Li deposition on Cu and Au substrates at 10 µA cm . Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111] . Copyright
(2016) Springer Nature. (B) Summary of calculated binding energies between heteroatom-doped carbon and a Li atom. Reprinted with
permission from Ref. [114] . Copyright (2019) American Association for the Advancement of Science. (C) Schematic of dual functionality
of an electron-deficient carbon surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [115] . Copyright (2021) Springer Nature. (D) Schematic
diagram of Li deposition on lithiophilic-lithiophobic gradient layer-coated Li foils. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [117] . Copyright
(2018) Springer Nature. (E) Electrokinetic phenomena in 3D PPS under an electric field. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [124] .
Copyright (2018) Springer Nature. (F) Schematic diagrams of different Li metal anode host structures. Reprinted with permission from
Ref. [35] . Copyright (2019) Cell Press.

unique porous garnet structure also enlarges interfacial contact between the electrode and electrolyte,
facilitating the rapid acquisition of sufficient Li ions and reducing interfacial resistance significantly.
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Hitz et al. reported that Li symmetric cells based on doped Li La Zr O ceramic Li-conductor electrodes are
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12
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able to cycle at an ultrahigh current density of 10 mA cm with an ultralow interfacial resistance of 7 Ω at
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room temperature .
[119]
Apart from the reduced local current density and mitigated Li-ion depletion via optimized 3D EC and IC
scaffolds, the stability of Li metal electrodes at large current densities is a complicated dynamic issue. Both
[120]
electron and ion transport need to be strengthened under high rates . Based on previous knowledge,
different electron/ion transport rates are required for Li plating and stripping processes during high current
density operation. During the Li plating process, the fast electron transport is beneficial for the efficient
distribution of electrons on the electrode surface, which induces a homogenous distribution of the local
current density, leading to the inhabitation of the dendrite propagation. In contrast, during the Li stripping
process, the rapid transport of Li ions seems to be more desirable because rapid Li departure and
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+
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homogenized Li flux can accelerate and stabilize its dissolution according to the principle of chemical
equilibrium. Therefore, the rational design of 3D MIEC frameworks is considered as a promising solution
and has attracted significant attention. Considering that Li anodes with excess Li capacity are needed to
offset irreversible Li loss during cycling in full batteries due to continuous parasitic reactions, it is a rational
strategy for employing MIEC anodes through molten infusion technique on a large scale. Guo et al.
reported that molten Li could be successfully absorbed into the channels of carbon wood modified with
ZnO nanoparticles, forming a Li/carbon wood composite anode that enabled a homogeneous Li flux
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