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Goyal et al. Art Int Surg. 2025;5:450-64 Artificial
DOI: 10.20517/ais.2024.108
Intelligence Surgery

Systematic Review Open Access

Artificial intelligence for real-time surgical phase
recognition in minimal invasive inguinal hernia

repair: a systematic review on behalf of TROGSS -
the robotic global surgical society

3
3
Aman Goyal 1,2 , Mathew Mendoza , Alfonzo E. Munoz , Christian Adrian Macias 4,5,6 , Adel Abou-Mrad 7 ,
Luigi Marano 8,9,10,11 , Rodolfo J. Oviedo 3,12,13
1
Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry 607402, India.
2
Department of Surgery, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151001, India.
3
Department of Surgery, University of Houston Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77001, USA.
4
School of Medicine, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador.
5
Department of Health and Sciences, Hillsborough College, Tampa, FL 33614, USA.
6
Visiting External Researcher, Center for Space Emerging Technologies, Lima 15046, Peru.
7
Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Orléans, Orléans 45000, France.
8
Department of Medicine, Academy of Applied Medical and Social Sciences-AMiSNS: Akademia Medycznych i Spolecznych
Nauk Stosowanych, Elblag 82-300, Poland.
9
Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, “Saint Wojciech” Hospital, “Nicolaus Copernicus” Health Center, Gdań
sk 80-000, Poland.
10
Department of Surgery, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro 49044, Ukraine.
11
Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
12
Department of Surgery, Nacogdoches Medical Center, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA.
13
Department of Surgery, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77301, USA.
Correspondence to: Dr. Aman Goyal, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute,
Puducherry 607402, India. E-mail: doc.aman.goyal@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Goyal A, Mendoza M, Munoz AE, Macias CA, Abou-Mrad A, Marano L, Oviedo RJ. Artificial intelligence
for real-time surgical phase recognition in minimal invasive inguinal hernia repair: a systematic review on behalf of TROGSS - the
robotic global surgical society. Art Int Surg. 2025;5:450-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2024.108
Received: 19 Dec 2024 First Decision: 2 Jul 2025 Revised: 5 Aug 2025 Accepted: 27 Aug 2025 Published: 12 Sep 2025
Academic Editor: Luca Milone Copy Editor: Xing-Yue Zhang Production Editor: Xing-Yue Zhang
Abstract
Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) integration into surgical practice has advanced intraoperative precision,
complication prediction, and procedural efficiency. While AI has demonstrated advancements in colorectal,
cardiac, and other laparoscopic procedures, its application in inguinal hernia repair (IHR), one of the most
commonly performed surgeries, remains underexplored. AI models demonstrate potential in real-time recognition

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