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Toossi et al. Art Int Surg 2024;4:258-66 Artificial
DOI: 10.20517/ais.2024.27
Intelligence Surgery

Review Open Access

Machine learning applications in adult spinal
deformity corrective surgery: a narrative review

Nader Toossi 1 , Ozhan Jerry 2
1
Musculoskeletal Education and Research Center, Clinical Research, Audubon, PA 19403, USA.
2
University of New England, College of Dental Medicine, Portland, ME O4103, USA.
Correspondence to: Dr. Nader Toossi, Musculoskeletal Education and Research Center, Clinical Research, 2560 General
Armistead Avenue, Audubon, PA 19403, USA. E-mail: nt392@drexel.edu
How to cite this article: Toossi N, Jerry O. Machine learning applications in adult spinal deformity corrective surgery: a narrative
review. Art Int Surg 2024;4:258-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2024.27
Received: 6 May 2024 First Decision: 25 Jul 2024 Revised: 24 Aug 2024 Accepted: 9 Sep 2024 Published: 13 Sep 2024

Academic Editor: Andrew A. Gumbs Copy Editor: Dong-Li Li Production Editor: Dong-Li Li

Abstract
Adult spinal deformity (ASD) poses significant challenges in spinal surgery, requiring precise planning and
execution for successful correction. Additionally, optimization of outcomes and reducing the high complication
rates of ASD surgeries are additional challenges facing spinal deformity surgeons. The advent of machine learning
(ML) has revolutionized various aspects of healthcare, including spinal surgery. This review provides a
comprehensive overview of the current state of ML applications in spinal deformity corrective surgery, highlighting
its potential benefits and challenges.

Keywords: Machine learning, adult spinal deformity, predictive modeling, artificial intelligence

INTRODUCTION
With the aging population, the incidence and prevalence of adult spinal deformity (ASD) are on the rise ,
[1]
affecting millions worldwide and significantly impacting their quality of life. This often leads to the
necessity of complex surgical interventions. Planning ASD surgery involves evaluating not only the entire
spinal column but also the entirety of the skeleton to ensure appropriate radiographic alignment. ASD
patients present with a variety of heterogeneous clinical manifestations, and there is a vast array of surgical
methods available for their treatment, making the treatment algorithm quite complex. Additionally, ASD

© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
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